Read Ebook: History of the Negro Race in America From 1619 to 1880. Vol 1 Negroes as Slaves as Soldiers and as Citizens by Williams George Washington

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THE UNITY OF MANKIND.

The Biblical Argument.--One Race and One Language.--One Blood.--The Curse of Canaan. 1

THE NEGRO IN THE LIGHT OF PHILOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY, AND EGYPTOLOGY.

Cushim and Ethiopia.--Ethiopians, White and Black.--Negro Characteristics.--The Dark Continent.--The Antiquity of the Negro.--Indisputable Evidence.--The Military and Social Condition of Negroes.--Cause of Color.--The Term "Ethiopian." 12

PRIMITIVE NEGRO CIVILIZATION.

The Ancient and High Degree of Negro Civilization.--Egypt, Greece, and Rome borrow from the Negro the Civilization that made them Great.--Cause of the Decline and Fall of Negro Civilization.--Confounding the Terms "Negro" and "African." 22

NEGRO KINGDOMS OF AFRICA.

BENIN: Its Location.--Its Discovery by the Portuguese.--Introduction of the Catholic Religion.--The King as a Missionary.--His Fidelity to the Church purchased by a White Wife.--Decline of Religion.--Introduction of Slavery.--Suppression of the Trade by the English Government.--Restoration and Peace.

DAHOMEY: Its Location.--Origin of the Kingdom.--Meaning of the Name.--War.--Capture of the English Governor, and his Death.--The Military Establishment.--Women as Soldiers.--Wars and their Objects.--Human Sacrifices.--The King a Despot.--His Powers.--His Wives.--Polygamy.--Kingly Succession.--Coronation.--Civil and Criminal Law.--Revenue System.--Its Future.

YORUBA. Its Location.--Slavery and its Abolition--Growth of the People of Abeokuta.--Missionaries and Teachers from Sierra Leone.--Prosperity and Peace attend the People.--Capacity of the People for Civilization.--Bishop Crowther.--His Influence. 26

THE ASHANTEE EMPIRE.

Its Location and Extent.--Its Famous Kings.--The Origin of the Ashantees Obscure.--The War with Denkera.--The Ashantees against the Field conquer two Kingdoms, and annex them.--Death of Osai Tutu.--The Envy of the King of Dahomey.--Invasion of the Ashantee Country by the King of Dahomey.--His Defeat shared by his Allies.--Akwasi pursues the Army of Dahomey into its own Country.--Gets a Mortal Wound and suffers a Humiliating Defeat,--The King of Dahomey sends the Royal Kudjoh his Congratulations.--Kwamina deposed for attempting to introduce Mohammedanism into the Kingdom.--The Ashantees conquer the Mohammedans.--Numerous Wars.--Invasion of the Fanti Country.--Death of Sir Charles McCarthy.--Treaty.--Peace. 34

THE NEGRO TYPE.

Climate the Cause.--His Geographical Theatre.--He is susceptible to Christianity and Civilization. 45

AFRICAN IDIOSYNCRASIES.

Patriarchal Government.--Construction of Villages.--Negro Architecture.--Election of Kings.--Coronation Ceremony.--Succession.--African Queens.--Law, Civil and Criminal.--Priests.--Their Functions.--Marriage.--Warfare.--Agriculture.--Mechanic Arts.--Blacksmiths. 50

LANGUAGES, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION.

Structure of African Languages.--The Mpongwe, Mandingo, and Grebo.--Poetry: Epic, Idyllic, and Miscellaneous.--Religions and Superstitions. 66

SIERRA LEONE.

Its Discovery and Situation.--Natural Beauty.--Founding of a Negro Colony.--The Sierra Leone Company.--Fever and Insubordination.--It becomes an English Province.--Character of its Inhabitants.--Christian Missions, etc. 85

THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA.

Liberia.--Its Location.--Extent.--Rivers and Mountains.--History of the First Colony.--The Noble Men who laid the Foundation of the Liberian Republic.--Native Tribes.--Translation of the New Testament into the Vei Language.--The Beginning and Triumph of Christian Missions to Liberia.--History of the Different Denominations on the Field.--A Missionary Republic of Negroes.--Testimony of Officers of the Royal Navy as to the Efficiency of the Republic in suppressing the Slave-Trade.--The Work of the Future. 95

R?SUM?.

The Unity of the Human Family re-affirmed.--God gave all Races of Men Civilization.--The Antiquity of the Negro beyond Dispute.--Idolatry the Cause of the Degradation of the African Races.--He has always had a Place in History, though Incidental.--Negro Type caused by Degradation.--Negro Empires an Evidence of Crude Ability for Self-Government.--Influence of the two Christian Governments on the West Coast upon the Heathen.--Oration on Early Christianity in Africa.--The Duty of Christianity to evangelize Africa. 108

THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA.

Introduction of the First Slaves.--"The Treasurer" and the Dutch Man-of-War.--The Correct Date.--The Number of Slaves.--Were there Twenty, or Fourteen?--Litigation about the Possession of the Slaves.--Character of the Slaves imported, and the Character of the Colonists.--Race Prejudices.--Legal Establishment of Slavery.--Who are Slaves for Life.--Duties on Imported Slaves.--Political and Military Prohibitions against Negroes.--Personal Rights.--Criminal Laws against Slaves.--Emancipation.--How brought about.--Free Negroes.--Their Rights.--Moral and Religious Training.--Population.--Slavery firmly established. 115

THE COLONY OF NEW YORK.

Settlement of New York by the Dutch in 1609.--Negroes introduced into the Colony, 1628.--The Trade in Negroes increased.--Tobacco exchanged for Slaves and Merchandise.--Government of the Colony.--New Netherland falls into the Hands of the English, Aug. 27, 1664.--Various Changes.--New Laws adopted.--Legislation.--First Representatives elected in 1683.--In 1702 Queen Anne instructs the Royal Governor in Regard to the Importation of Slaves.--Slavery Restrictions.--Expedition to effect the Conquest of Canada unsuccessful.--Negro Riot.--Suppressed by the Efficient Aid of Troops.--Fears of the Colonists.--Negro Plot of 1741.--The Robbery of Hogg's House.--Discovery of a Portion of the Goods.--The Arrest of Hughson, his Wife, and Irish Peggy.--Crimination and Recrimination.--The Breaking-out of Numerous Fires.--The Arrest of Spanish Negroes.--The Trial of Hughson.--Testimony of Mary Burton.--Hughson hanged.--The Arrest of Many Others implicated in the Plot.--The Hanging of Caesar and Prince.--Quack and Cuffee burned at the Stake.--The Lieutenant-Governor's Proclamation.--Many White Persons accused of being Conspirators.--Description of Hughson's Manner of swearing those having Knowledge of the Plot.--Conviction and Hanging of the Catholic Priest Ury.--The Sudden and Unexpected Termination of the Trial.--New Laws more stringent toward Slaves adopted. 134

THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS.

The Earliest Mentions of Negroes in Massachusetts.--Pequod Indians exchanged for Negroes.--Voyage of the Slave Ship "Desire" in 1638--Fundamental Laws adopted.--Hereditary Slavery--Kidnapping Negroes--Growth of Slavery in the Seventeenth Century--Taxation of Slaves--Introduction of Indian Slaves prohibited.--The Position of the Church respecting the Baptism of Slaves--Slave Marriage--Condition of Free Negroes--Phillis Wheatley the African Poetess.--Her Life--Slavery recognized in England in Order to be maintained in the Colonies--The Emancipation of Slaves.--Legislation favoring the Importation of White Servants, but prohibiting the Clandestine bringing-in of Negroes.--Judge Sewall's Attack on Slavery.--Judge Saffin's Reply to Judge Sewall. 172

THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS,--CONTINUED.

The Era of Prohibitory Legislation against Slavery.--Boston instructs her Representatives to vote against the Slave-Trade.--Proclamation issued by Gov. Dummer against the Negroes, April 13, 1723.--Persecution of the Negroes.--"Suing for Liberty."--Letter of Samuel Adams to John Pickering, jun., on Behalf of Negro Memorialists.--A Bill for the Suppression of the Slave-Trade passes.--Is vetoed by Gov. Gage, and fails to become a Law. 220

THE COLONY OF MARYLAND.

Maryland under the Laws of Virginia until 1630.--First Legislation on the Slavery Question in 1637-38--Slavery established by Statute in 1663--The Discussion of Slavery.--An Act passed encouraging the Importation of Negroes and White Slaves in 1671.--An Act laying an Impost on Negroes and White Servants imported into the Colony.--Duties imposed on Rum and Wine.--Treatment of Slaves and Papists.--Convicts imported into the Colony--An Attempt to justify the Convict-Trade.--Spirited Replies.--The Laws of 1723, 1729, 1752.--Rights of Slaves--Negro Population in 1728.--Increase of Slavery in 1750--No Efforts made to prevent the Evils of Slavery.--The Revolution nearing.--New Life for the Negroes. 238

THE COLONY OF DELAWARE.

The Territory of Delaware settled in part by Swedes and Danes, anterior to the Year 1638.--The Duke of York transfers the Territory of Delaware to William Penn.--Penn grants the Colony the Privilege of Separate Government.--Slavery introduced on the Delaware as early as 1636.--Complaint against Peter Alricks for using Oxen and Negroes belonging to the Company.--The First Legislation on the Slavery Question in the Colony.--An Enactment of a Law for the Better Regulation of Servants.--An Act restraining Manumission. 249

THE COLONY OF CONNECTICUT.

The Founding of Connecticut, 1631-36.--No Reliable Data given for the Introduction of Slaves.--Negroes were first introduced by Ship during the Early Years of the Colony.--"Committee for Trade and Foreign Plantations."--Interrogating the Governor as to the Number of Negroes in the Colony in 1680.--The Legislature passes a Law pertaining to the Purchase and Treatment of Slaves and Free Persons.--An Act passed by the General Court in 1711, requiring Persons manumitting Slaves to maintain them.--Regulating the Social Conduct of Slaves in 1723.--The Punishment of Negro, Indian, and Mulatto Slaves, for the Use of Profane Language, in 1630.--Lawfulness of Indian and Negro Slavery recognized by Code, Sept. 5, 1646.--Limited Rights of Free Negroes in the Colony.--Negro Population in 1762.--Act against Importation of Slaves, 1774. 252

THE COLONY OF RHODE ISLAND.

Colonial Government in Rhode Island, May, 1647.--An Act passed to abolish Slavery in 1652, but was never enforced.--An Act specifying what Times Indian and Negro Slaves should not appear in the Streets.--An Impost-Tax on Slaves .--Penalties imposed on Disobedient Slaves.--Anti Slavery Sentiment in the Colonies receives Little Encouragement.--Circular Letter from the Board of Trade to the Governor of the English Colonies, relative to Negro Slaves.--Governor Cranston's Reply.--List of Militia-Men, including White and black Servants.--Another Letter from the Board of Trade.--An Act preventing Clandestine Importations and Exportations of Passengers, Negroes, or Indian Slaves.--Masters of Vessels required to report the Names and Number of Passengers to the Governor.--Violation of the Impost-Tax Law on Slaves punished by Severe Penalties.--Appropriation by the General Assembly, July 5, 1715, from the Fund derived from the Impost Tax, for the paving of the Streets of Newport.--An Act passed disposing of the Money raised by Impost-Tax.--Impost-Law repealed, May, 1732.--An Act relating to freeing Mulatto and Negro Slaves passed 1728--An Act passed preventing Masters of Vessels from carrying Slaves out of the Colony, June 17, 1757.--Eve of the Revolution.--An Act prohibiting Importation of Negroes into the Colony in 1774.--The Population of Rhode Island in 1730 and 1774. 262

THE COLONY OF NEW JERSEY.

New Jersey passes into the Hands of the English.--Political Powers conveyed to Berkeley and Carteret.--Legislation on the Subject of Slavery during the Eighteenth Century.--The Colony divided into East and West Jersey.--Separate Governments.--An Act concerning Slavery by the Legislature of East Jersey.--General Apprehension respecting the rising of Negro and Indian Slaves.--East and West Jersey surrender their Rights of Government to the Queen.--An Act for regulating the Conduct of Slaves.--Impost-Tax of Ten Pounds levied upon each Negro imported into the Colony.--The General Court passes a Law regulating the Trial of Slaves.--Negroes ruled out of the Militia Establishment upon Condition.--Population of the Jerseys in 1738 and 1745. 282

THE COLONY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

The Carolinas receive two Different Charters from the Crown of Great Britain.--Era of Slavery Legislation.--Law establishing Slavery.--The Slave Population of this Province regarded as Chattel Property.--Trial of Slaves.--Increase of Slave Population.--The Increase in the Rice-Trade.--Severe Laws regulating the Private and Public Conduct of Slaves.--Punishment of Slaves for running away.--The Life of Slaves regarded as of Little Consequence by the Violent Master Class.--An Act empowering two Justices of the Peace to investigate Treatment of Slaves.--An Act prohibiting the Overworking of Slaves.--Slave-Market at Charleston.--Insurrection.--A Law authorizing the carrying of Fire-Arms among the Whites.--The Enlistment of Slaves to serve in Time of Alarm.--Negroes admitted to the Militia Service.--Compensation to Masters for the Loss of Slaves killed by the Enemy or who desert.--Few Slaves manumitted.--From 1754-76, Little Legislation on the Subject of Slavery.--Threatening War between England and her Provincial Dependencies.--The Effect upon Public Sentiment. 289

THE COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA.

The Geographical Situation of North Carolina favorable to the Slave-Trade.--The Locke Constitution adopted.--William Sayle commissioned Governor.--Legislative Career of the Colony.--The Introduction of the Established Church of England into the Colony.--The Rights of Negroes controlled absolutely by their Masters.--An Act respecting Conspiracies.--The Wrath of Ill-natured Whites visited upon their Slaves.--An Act against the Emancipation of Slaves.--Limited Rights of Free Negroes. 302

THE COLONY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The Provincial Government of Massachusetts exercises Authority over the State of New Hampshire at its Organization.--Slavery existed from the Beginning.--The Governor releases a Slave from Bondage.--Instruction against Importation of Slaves.--Several Acts regulating the Conduct of Servants.--The Indifferent Treatment of Slaves.--The Importation of Indian Servants forbidden.--An Act checking the Severe Treatment of Servants and Slaves.--Slaves in the Colony until the Commencement of Hostilities. 309

THE COLONY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Organization of the Government of Pennsylvania.--The Swedes and Dutch plant Settlements on the Western Bank of the Delaware River.--The Governor of New York seeks to exercise Jurisdiction over the Territory of Pennsylvania.--The First Laws agreed upon in England.--Provisions of the Law.--Memorial against Slavery draughted and adopted by the Germantown Friends.--William Penn presents a Bill for the Better Regulation of Servants.--An Act preventing the Importation of Negroes and Indians.--Rights of Negroes.--A Duty laid upon Negroes and Mulatto Slaves.--The Quaker the Friend of the Negro.--England begins to threaten her Dependencies in North America.--The People of Pennsylvania reflect upon the Probable Outrages their Negroes might commit. 312

THE COLONY OF GEORGIA.

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