Read Ebook: The Iliad of Homer Translated into English Blank Verse by William Cowper by Dwight M A Mary Ann Annotator Homer BCE BCE Southey Robert Editor Cowper William Translator

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plot clandestine, and thy thoughts,665 Think what thou may'st, are always barred to me. To whom the father, thus, of heaven and earth. Expect not, Juno, that thou shalt partake My counsels at all times, which oft in height And depth, thy comprehension far exceed,670 Jove's consort as thou art. When aught occurs Meet for thine ear, to none will I impart Of Gods or men more free than to thyself. But for my secret thoughts, which I withhold From all in heaven beside, them search not thou675 With irksome curiosity and vain.

The first book contains the preliminaries to the commencement of serious action. First, the visit of the priest of Apollo to ransom his captive daughter, the refusal of Agamemnon to yield her up, and the pestilence sent by the god upon the Grecian army in consequence. Secondly, the restoration, the propitiation of Apollo, the quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles, and the withdrawing of the latter from the Grecian army. Thirdly, the intercession of Thetis with Jupiter; his promise, unwillingly given, to avenge Achilles; and the assembly of the gods, in which the promise is angrily alluded to by Juno, and the discussion peremptorily checked by Jupiter. The poet, throughout this book, maintains a simple, unadorned style, but highly descriptive, and happily adapted to the nature of the subject.--Felton.

ARGUMENT OF THE SECOND BOOK.

Jupiter, in pursuance of his purpose to distress the Grecians in answer to the prayer of Thetis, deceives Agamemnon by a dream. He, in consequence of it, calls a council, the result of which is that the army shall go forth to battle. Thersites is mutinous, and is chastised by Ulysses. Ulysses, Nestor, and Agamemnon, harangue the people; and preparation is made for battle. An exact account follows of the forces on both sides.

ARGUMENT OF THE THIRD BOOK.

The armies meet. Paris throws out a challenge to the Grecian Princes. Menelaus accepts it. The terms of the combat are adjusted solemnly by Agamemnon on the part of Greece, and by Priam on the part of Troy. The combat ensues, in which Paris is vanquished, whom yet Venus rescues. Agamemnon demands from the Trojans a performance of the covenant.

Now marshall'd all beneath their several chiefs, With deafening shouts, and with the clang of arms, The host of Troy advanced. Such clang is heard Along the skies, when from incessant showers Escaping, and from winter's cold, the cranes5 Take wing, and over Ocean speed away; Wo to the land of dwarfs! prepared they fly For slaughter of the small Pygmaean race. Not so the Greeks; they breathing valor came, But silent all, and all with faithful hearts10 On succor mutual to the last, resolved. As when the south wind wraps the mountain top In mist the shepherd's dread, but to the thief Than night itself more welcome, and the eye Is bounded in its ken to a stone's cast,15 Such from beneath their footsteps dun and dense Uprose the dust, for swift they cross the plain.

He spake, and sought his bed, whom follow'd soon Jove's daughter, reconciled to his embrace.525 But Menela?s like a lion ranged The multitude, inquiring far and near For Paris lost. Yet neither Trojan him Nor friend of Troy could show, whom, else, through love None had conceal'd, for him as death itself530 All hated, but his going none had seen. Amidst them all then spake the King of men. Trojans, and Dardans, and allies of Troy! The warlike Menela?s hath prevailed, As is most plain. Now therefore bring ye forth535 Helen with all her treasures, also bring Such large amercement as is meet, a sum To be remember'd in all future times. So spake Atrides, and Achaia's host With loud applause confirm'd the monarch's claim.540

ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTH BOOK.

In a Council of the Gods, a dispute arises between Jupiter and Juno, which is at last compromised, Jove consenting to dispatch Minerva with a charge to incite some Trojan to a violation of the truce. Minerva descends for that purpose, and in the form of Laodocus, a son of Priam, exhorts Pandarus to shoot at Menelaus, and succeeds. Menelaus is wounded, and Agamemnon having consigned him to the care of Machaon, goes forth to perform the duties of commander-in-chief, in the encouragement of his host to battle. The battle begins.

Now, on the golden floor of Jove's abode The Gods all sat consulting; Hebe them, Graceful, with nectar served; they pledging each His next, alternate quaff'd from cups of gold, And at their ease reclined, look'd down on Troy,5 When, sudden, Jove essay'd by piercing speech Invidious, to enkindle Juno's ire. Two Goddesses on Menelaus' part Confederate stand, Juno in Argos known, Pallas in Alalcomene; yet they10 Sequester'd sit, look on, and are amused. Not so smile-loving Venus; she, beside Her champion station'd, saves him from his fate, And at this moment, by her aid, he lives. But now, since victory hath proved the lot15 Of warlike Menelaus, weigh ye well The matter; shall we yet the ruinous strife Prolong between the nations, or consent To give them peace? should peace your preference win, And prove alike acceptable to all,20 Stand Ilium, and let Menelaus bear Helen of Argos back to Greece again.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTH BOOK.

Diomede is extraordinarily distinguished. He kills Pandarus, who had violated the truce, and wounds first Venus and then Mars.

The battle is continued. The Trojans being closely pursued, Hector by the advice of Helenus enters Troy, and recommends it to Hecuba to go in solemn procession to the temple of Minerva; she with the matrons goes accordingly. Hector takes the opportunity to find out Paris, and exhorts him to return to the field of battle. An interview succeeds between Hector and Andromache, and Paris, having armed himself in the mean time, comes up with Hector at the close of it, when they sally from the gate together.

Thus was the field forsaken by the Gods. And now success proved various; here the Greeks With their extended spears, the Trojans there Prevail'd alternate, on the champain spread The Xanthus and the Simo?s between.5 First Telamonian Ajax, bulwark firm Of the Achaians, broke the Trojan ranks, And kindled for the Greeks a gleam of hope, Slaying the bravest of the Thracian band, Huge Acamas, Eusorus' son; him first10 Full on the shaggy crest he smote, and urged The spear into his forehead; through his skull The bright point pass'd, and darkness veil'd his eyes. But Diomede, heroic Chief, the son Of Teuthras slew, Axylus. Rich was he,15 And in Arisba respected and beloved. But of his numerous guests none interposed To avert his woful doom; nor him alone20 He slew, but with him also to the shades Calesius sent, his friend and charioteer. Opheltius fell and Dresus, by the hand Slain of Euryalus, who, next, his arms On Pedasus and on AEsepus turned25 Brethren and twins. Them Abarbarea bore, A Naiad, to Bucolion, son renown'd Of King Laomedon, his eldest born, But by his mother, at his birth, conceal'd. Bucolion pasturing his flocks, embraced30 The lovely nymph; she twins produced, both whom, Brave as they were and beautiful, thy son Mecisteus! slew, and from their shoulders tore Their armor. Dauntless Polypoetes slew Astyalus. Ulysses with his spear35 Transfixed Pydites, a Percosian Chief, And Teucer Areta?n; Nestor's pride Antilochus, with his bright lance, of life Bereft Ablerus, and the royal arm Of Agamemnon, Elatus; he dwelt40 Among the hills of lofty Pedasus, On Satnio's banks, smooth-sliding river pure Phylacus fled, whom Le?tus as swift Soon smote. Melanthius at the feet expired Of the renown'd Eurypylus, and, flush'd45 With martial ardor, Menelaus seized And took alive Adrastus. As it chanced A thicket his affrighted steeds detain'd Their feet entangling; they with restive force At its extremity snapp'd short the pole,50 And to the city, whither others fled, Fled also. From his chariot headlong hurl'd, Adrastus press'd the plain fast by his wheel. Flew Menelaus, and his quivering spear Shook over him; he, life imploring, clasp'd55 Importunate his knees, and thus exclaim'd. Oh, son of Atreus, let me live! accept Illustrious ransom! In my father's house Is wealth abundant, gold, and brass, and steel Of truest temper, which he will impart60 Till he have gratified thine utmost wish, Inform'd that I am captive in your fleet. He said, and Menelaus by his words Vanquish'd, him soon had to the fleet dismiss'd Given to his train in charge, but swift and stern65 Approaching, Agamemnon interposed. Now, brother, whence this milkiness of mind, These scruples about blood? Thy Trojan friends Have doubtless much obliged thee. Die the race! May none escape us! neither he who flies,70 Nor even the infant in his mother's womb Unconscious. Perish universal Troy Unpitied, till her place be found no more! So saying, his brother's mind the Hero turn'd, Advising him aright; he with his hand75 Thrust back Adrastus, and himself, the King, His bowels pierced. Supine Adrastus fell, And Agamemnon, with his foot the corse Impressing firm, pluck'd forth his ashen spear. Then Nestor, raising high his voice, exclaim'd.80 Friends, Heroes, Grecians, ministers of Mars! Let none, desirous of the spoil, his time Devote to plunder now; now slay your foes, And strip them when the field shall be your own.

He ceased, and from the ground his helmet raised Hair-crested; his Andromache, at once Obedient, to her home repair'd, but oft Turn'd as she went, and, turning, wept afresh.605 No sooner at the palace she arrived Of havoc-spreading Hector, than among Her numerous maidens found within, she raised A general lamentation; with one voice, In his own house, his whole domestic train610 Mourn'd Hector, yet alive; for none the hope Conceived of his escape from Grecian hands, Or to behold their living master more. Nor Paris in his stately mansion long Delay'd, but, arm'd resplendent, traversed swift615 The city, all alacrity and joy. As some stall'd horse high-fed, his stable-cord Snapt short, beats under foot the sounding plain, Accustomed in smooth-sliding streams to lave Exulting; high he bears his head, his mane620 Undulates o'er his shoulders, pleased he eyes His glossy sides, and borne on pliant knees Shoots to the meadow where his fellows graze; So Paris, son of Priam, from the heights Of Pergamus into the streets of Troy,625 All dazzling as the sun, descended, flush'd With martial pride, and bounding in his course. At once he came where noble Hector stood Now turning, after conference with his spouse, When godlike Alexander thus began.630 My hero brother, thou hast surely found My long delay most irksome. More dispatch Had pleased thee more, for such was thy command. To whom the warlike Hector thus replied. No man, judicious, and in feat of arms635 Intelligent, would pour contempt on thee wert thou not remiss And wilful negligent; and when I hear The very men who labor in thy cause Reviling thee, I make thy shame my own.640 But let us on. All such complaints shall cease Hereafter, and thy faults be touch'd no more, Let Jove but once afford us riddance clear Of these Achaians, and to quaff the cup Of liberty, before the living Gods.645

It may be observed, that Hector begins to resume his hope of success, and his warlike spirit is roused again, as he approaches the field of action. The depressing effect of his sad interview is wearing away from his mind, and he is already prepared for the battle with Ajax, which awaits him.

The student who has once read this book, will read it again and again. It contains much that is addressed to the deepest feelings of our common nature, and, despite of the long interval of time which lies between our age and the Homeric--despite the manifold changes of customs, habits, pursuits, and the advances that have been made in civilization and art--despite of all these, the universal spirit of humanity will recognize in these scenes much of that true poetry which delights alike all ages, all nations, all men.--Felton.

ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTH BOOK.

Ajax and Hector engage in single combat. The Grecians fortify their camp.

So saying, illustrious Hector through the gates To battle rush'd, with Paris at his side, And both were bent on deeds of high renown. As when the Gods vouchsafe propitious gales To longing mariners, who with smooth oars5 Threshing the waves have all their strength consumed, So them the longing Trojans glad received. At once each slew a Grecian. Paris slew Menesthius who in Arna dwelt, the son Of Areitho?s, club-bearing chief,10 And of Philomedusa radiant-eyed. But Hector wounded with his glittering spear E?oneus; he pierced his neck beneath His brazen morion's verge, and dead he fell. Then Glaucus, leader of the Lycian host,15 Son of Hippolochus, in furious fight Iphino?s son of Dexias assail'd, Mounting his rapid mares, and with his lance His shoulder pierced; unhorsed he fell and died. Such slaughter of the Grecians in fierce fight20 Minerva noting, from the Olympian hills Flew down to sacred Ilium; whose approach Marking from Pergamus, Apollo flew To meet her, ardent on the part of Troy. Beneath the beech they join'd, when first the King,25 The son of Jove, Apollo thus began.

ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTH BOOK.

Jove calls a council, in which he forbids all interference of the Gods between the Greeks and Trojans. He repairs to Ida, where, having consulted the scales of destiny, he directs his lightning against the Grecians. Nestor is endangered by the death of one of his horses. Diomede delivers him. In the chariot of Diomede they both hasten to engage Hector, whose charioteer is slain by Diomede. Jupiter again interposes by his thunders, and the whole Grecian host, discomfited, is obliged to seek refuge within the rampart. Diomede, with others, at sight of a favorable omen sent from Jove in answer to Agamemnon's prayer, sallies. Teucer performs great exploits, but is disabled by Hector. Juno and Pallas set forth from Olympus in aid of the Grecians, but are stopped by Jupiter, who reascends from Ida, and in heaven foretells the distresses which await the Grecians.

Hector takes measures for the security of Troy during the night, and prepares his host for an assault to be made on the Grecian camp in the morning.

ARGUMENT OF THE NINTH BOOK.

He ended; all the Kings applauded warm His counsel, and the dauntless tone admired Of Diomede. Then, due libation made, Each sought his tent, and took the gift of sleep.

There is much in this book which is worthy of close attention. The consummate genius, the varied and versatile power, the eloquence, truth, and nature displayed in it, will always be admired. Perhaps there is no portion of the poem more remarkable for these attributes.--Felton.

ARGUMENT OF THE TENTH BOOK.

Diomede and Ulysses enter the Trojan host by night, and slay Rhesus.

Oh hear me, daughter of Jove AEgis-arm'd! My present helper in all straits, whose eye Marks all my ways, oh with peculiar care330 Now guard me, Pallas! grant that after toil Successful, glorious, such as long shall fill With grief the Trojans, we may safe return And with immortal honors to the fleet. Valiant Tydides, next, his prayer preferr'd.335 Hear also me, Jove's offspring by the toils Of war invincible! me follow now As my heroic father erst to Thebes Thou followedst, Tydeus; by the Greeks dispatch'd Ambassador, he left the mail-clad host340 Beside Asopus, and with terms of peace Entrusted, enter'd Thebes; but by thine aid Benevolent, and in thy strength, perform'd Returning, deeds of terrible renown. Thus, now, protect me also! In return345 I vow an offering at thy shrine, a young Broad-fronted heifer, to the yoke as yet Untamed, whose horns I will incase with gold. Such prayer they made, and Pallas heard well pleased. Their orisons ended to the daughter dread350 Of mighty Jove, lion-like they advanced Through shades of night, through carnage, arms and blood. Nor Hector to his gallant host indulged Sleep, but convened the leaders; leader none Or senator of all his host he left355 Unsummon'd, and his purpose thus promulged. Where is the warrior who for rich reward, Such as shall well suffice him, will the task Adventurous, which I propose, perform? A chariot with two steeds of proudest height,360 Surpassing all in the whole fleet of Greece Shall be his portion, with immortal praise, Who shall the well-appointed ships approach Courageous, there to learn if yet a guard As heretofore, keep them, or if subdued365 Beneath us, the Achaians flight intend, And worn with labor have no will to watch. So Hector spake, but answer none return'd. There was a certain Trojan, Dolon named, Son of Eumedes herald of the Gods,370 Rich both in gold and brass, but in his form Unsightly; yet the man was swift of foot, Sole brother of five sisters; he his speech To Hector and the Trojans thus address'd. My spirit, Hector, prompts me, and my mind375 Endued with manly vigor, to approach Yon gallant ships, that I may tidings hear. But come. For my assurance, lifting high Thy sceptre, swear to me, for my reward, The horses and the brazen chariot bright380 Which bear renown'd Achilles o'er the field. I will not prove a useless spy, nor fall Below thy best opinion; pass I will Their army through, till I shall reach the ship Of Agamemnon, where the Chiefs, perchance,385 Now sit consulting, or to fight, or fly.

The vividness of the scenes presented to us in this Book constitute its chief beauty. The reader sees the most natural night-scene in the world. He is led step by step with the adventurers, and made the companion of all their expectations and uncertainties. We see the very color of the sky; know the time to a minute; are impatient while the heroes are arming; our imagination follows them, knows all their doubts, and even the secret wishes of their hearts sent up to Minerva. We are alarmed at the approach of Dolon, hear his very footsteps, assist the two chiefs in pursuing him, and stop just with the spear that arrests him. We are perfectly acquainted with the situation of all the forces, with the figure in which they lie, with the disposition of Rhesus and the Thracians, with the posture of his chariot and horses. The marshy spot of ground where Dolon is killed, the tamarisk, or aquatic plant upon which they hung his spoils, and the reeds that are heaped together to mark the place, are circumstances the most picturesque imaginable.

ARGUMENT OF THE ELEVENTH BOOK.

Agamemnon distinguishes himself. He is wounded, and retires. Diomede is wounded by Paris; Ulysses by Socus. Ajax with Menelaus flies to the relief of Ulysses, and Eurypylus, soon after, to the relief of Ajax. While he is employed in assisting Ajax, he is shot in the thigh by Paris, who also wounds Machaon. Nestor conveys Machaon from the field. Achilles dispatches Patroclus to the tent of Nestor, and Nestor takes that occasion to exhort Patroclus to engage in battle, clothed in the armor of Achilles.

It will be well here to observe the position of the Greeks. All human aid is cut off by the wounds of their heroes, and all assistance from the Gods forbidden by Jupiter. On the contrary, the Trojans see their general at their head, and Jupiter himself fights on their side. Upon this hinge turns the whole poem. The distress of the Greeks occasions first the assistance of Patroclus, and then the death of that hero brings back Achilles.

The poet shows great skill in conducting these incidents. He gives Achilles the pleasure of seeing that the Greeks could not carry on the war without his assistance, and upon this depends the great catastrophe of the poem.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWELFTH BOOK.

The Trojans assail the ramparts, and Hector forces the gates.

ARGUMENT OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK.

Neptune engages on the part of the Grecians. The battle proceeds. Deiphobus advances to combat, but is repulsed by Meriones, who losing his spear, repairs to his tent for another. Teucer slays Imbrius, and Hector Amphimachus. Neptune, under the similitude of Thoas, exhorts Idomeneus. Idomeneus having armed himself in his tent, and going forth to battle, meets Meriones. After discourse held with each other, Idomeneus accommodates Meriones with a spear, and they proceed to battle. Idomeneus slays Othryoneus, and Asius. Deiphobus assails Idomeneus, but, his spear glancing over him, kills Hypsenor. Idomeneus slays Alcatho?s, son-in-law of Anchises. Deiphobus and Idomeneus respectively summon their friends to their assistance, and a contest ensues for the body of Alcatho?s.

ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTEENTH BOOK.

Agamemnon and the other wounded Chiefs taking Nestor with them, visit the battle. Juno having borrowed the Cestus of Venus, first engages the assistance of Sleep, then hastens to Ida to inveigle Jove. She prevails. Jove sleeps; and Neptune takes that opportunity to succor the Grecians.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTEENTH BOOK.

Jove, awaking and seeing the Trojans routed, threatens Juno. He sends Iris to admonish Neptune to relinquish the battle, and Apollo to restore health to Hector. Apollo armed with the AEgis, puts to flight the Grecians; they are pursued home to their fleet, and Telamonian Ajax slays twelve Trojans bringing fire to burn it.

Achilles, at the suit of Patroclus, grants him his own armor, and permission to lead the Myrmidons to battle. They, sallying, repulse the Trojans. Patroclus slays Sarpedon, and Hector, when Apollo had first stripped off his armor and Euphorbus wounded him, slays Patroclus.

It was thy thought, Patroclus, to have laid Our city waste, and to have wafted hence Our wives and daughters to thy native land,1015 Their day of liberty for ever set. Fool! for their sakes the feet of Hector's steeds Fly into battle, and myself excel, For their sakes, all our bravest of the spear, That I may turn from them that evil hour1020 Necessitous. But thou art vulture's food, Unhappy youth! all valiant as he is, Achilles hath no succor given to thee, Who when he sent the forth whither himself Would not, thus doubtless gave thee oft in charge:1025 Ah, well beware, Patroclus, glorious Chief! That thou revisit not these ships again, Till first on hero-slaughterer Hector's breast Thou cleave his bloody corselet. So he spake, And with vain words thee credulous beguiled.1030 To whom Patroclus, mighty Chief, with breath Drawn faintly, and dying, thou didst thus reply. Now, Hector, boast! now glory! for the son Of Saturn and Apollo, me with ease Vanquishing, whom they had themselves disarm'd,1035 Have made the victory thine; else, twenty such As thou, had fallen by my victorious spear. Me Phoebus and my ruthless fate combined To slay; these foremost; but of mortal men Euphorbus, and thy praise is only third.1040 I tell thee also, and within thy heart Repose it deep--thou shalt not long survive; But, even now, fate, and a violent death Attend thee by Achilles' hands ordain'd To perish, by AEacides the brave.1045 So saying, the shades of death him wrapp'd around. Down into Ades from his limbs dismiss'd, His spirit fled sorrowful, of youth's prime And vigorous manhood suddenly bereft Then, him though dead, Hector again bespake.1050 Patroclus! these prophetic strains of death At hand, and fate, why hast thou sung to me? May not the son of Thetis azure-hair'd, Achilles, perish first by spear of mine? He said; then pressing with his heel the trunk1055 Supine, and backward thursting it, he drew His glittering weapon from the wound, nor stay'd, But lance in hand, the godlike charioteer Pursued of swift AEacides, on fire To smite Automedon; but him the steeds1060 Immortal, rapid, by the Gods conferr'd on Peleus, snatch'd away.

ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTEENTH BOOK.

Sharp contest ensues around the body of Patroclus. Hector puts on the armor of Achilles. Menelaus, having dispatched Antilochus to Achilles with news of the death of Patroclus, returns to the battle, and, together with Meriones, bears Patroclus off the field, while the Ajaces cover their retreat.

ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTEENTH BOOK.

Achilles, by command of Juno, shows himself to the Trojans, who fly at his appearance; Vulcan, at the insistence of Thetis, forges for him a suit of armor.

Thus burn'd the battle like devouring fire. Meantime, Antilochus with rapid steps Came to Achilles. Him he found before His lofty barks, occupied, as he stood, With boding fears of all that had befall'n.5 He groan'd, and to his noble self he said. Ah! wo is me--why falls Achaia's host, With such disorder foul, back on the fleet? I tremble lest the Gods my anxious thoughts Accomplish and my mother's words, who erst10 Hath warn'd me, that the bravest and the best Of all my Myrmidons, while yet I live, Slain under Troy, must view the sun no more. Brave Menoetiades is, doubtless, slain. Unhappy friend! I bade thee oft, our barks15 Deliver'd once from hostile fires, not seek To cope in arms with Hector, but return. While musing thus he stood, the son approach'd Of noble Nestor, and with tears his cheeks Bedewing copious, his sad message told.20 Oh son of warlike Peleus! thou shalt hear Tidings of deeds which best had never been. Patroclus is no more. The Grecians fight For his bare corse, and Hector hath his arms.

ARGUMENT OF THE NINETEENTH BOOK.

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