Read Ebook: Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot by Gosse Philip Henry

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Ebook has 863 lines and 79278 words, and 18 pages

THE CAUSE.

THE WITNESS FOR THE MACRO-CHRONOLOGY.

A Court of Inquiry--The Witnesses--Testimony of One--Strata of Thames Tunnel--of Hertfordshire--of Yorkshire--of the Globe--Granite--Granitic Strata--Organic Remains--Silurian System--Corals--Trilobites--Mollusks--Devonian System--Old Red Sandstone--Its Formation--Fishes--Carboniferous System--Coral Limestone--Millstone Grit--Coal--Predominance of Carbonic Acid--Extent and Thickness of Coal-Fields--Formation of Coal--Conjecture as to its Age--Antediluvian Theory untenable--Sauroid Fishes--Earliest Reptiles--Footprints of Frogs 30-53

THE SAME--

Disturbances of Strata--Internal Heat--Changes of Land and Sea--New Red Sandstone--Footprints--Labyrinthodon--Lias Formation--Crinoids--Ammonites--Belemnites--Fishes--Marine Reptiles--Ichthyosaur--Plesiosaur--European Archipelago--Oolitic Formation--Cycads--Megalosaur-- Bat-Lizards--Iguanodon--Hylaeosaur--Earliest Mammal--Chalk Formation--Infusoria--Diatomaceae--Their Minuteness and Numbers--Chambered Cephalopods--Mosasaur--End of Secondary Formations--Convulsions--Basalt--Uprearing of Mountain Chains--London Clay--Plants and Animals--Fishes--Reptiles--Birds--Mammals--Anoplotherium--Condition of Europe--Dinotherium--Mastodon--Mammoth--Trees--Crag Formation--Tertiary Fauna--Bone Caves--Kirkdale--Erratic Blocks--Glaciers--Sloths--Marsupials--Birds--Raised Beaches--Human Period--Moho--Present Cosmical Operations--River Deltas--Coral Beefs--Volcanoes--Changes of Level--Earthy Deposits--Stalagmite--Shells--Recapitulation. 54-101

THE CROSS-EXAMINATION.

POSTULATES.

The Creation of Matter--The Persistence of Species. 110-112

LAWS.

PARALLELS AND PRECEDENTS.

Ideal Tour on Creation-Day--Chronological Investigations--Queried Age of a Tree-fern--Data for the Inquiry--Development of the Leaves--Leaf-scars--Report--Its manifest Error--Selaginella--Bamboo-- Couch-grass--Screw-pine--Pashiuba--Sugar Palm--Areca--Rattan--Agave--Traveller's Tree--Butterfly Flower--Orchis--Gladiolus--Grass-tree--White Lily--Testudinaria--Caffer-Bread--Fig--Banyan--Euphorbia-- Tulip-tree--Bignonia--Loranthus--Prickly Pear--Mangrove--Silk-cotton-tree--Locust-tree--Restriction of the Inquiry--Uniform Testimony to Untruth 127-181

PARALLELS AND PRECEDENTS.

Resumption of the Examination--SeaPen--Millepore-- Madrepore--Organ-pipe--Medusa--Sea-urchin--Feather-star-- Tapeworm--Serpula--Terebella--White-ant--Goliath-beetle-- Gnat--Case-fly--Melicerta--Julus--Buprestis--Shore-crab-- Barnacle--Lepralia--Botryllus--Clavagella--Prickly Venus--Scorpion Stromb--Tiger Cowry--Thorny Murex--Pearly Nautilus--Cuttlefish 182-239

PARALLELS AND PRECEDENTS.

Examination of the Vertebrata--Sword-fish--Gilt-head-- Laminae of Scales--Shark--Arrangement of Teeth--Their Structure--Tree-frog--Metamorphosis--Rattlesnake-- Crocodile--Tortoise--Laminae of Plates--Skull of Cassowary--Peacock--Humming-bird--Trogon--Structure and Growth of Feathers--Whalebone of Whale--Horn of Ibex--Horn of Stag--Teeth of Horse--Of Babiroussa--Of Hippopotamus--Tusk of Elephant--Molars of Elephant 240-273

PARALLELS AND PRECEDENTS.

Examination of Primal Man--Blood--Its Formation--Its Oxygenation--Nails--Hair--Bones--Teeth--All formed by successive Processes--Stature--Thyroid Cartilage--Beard--Development of Teeth--Proportion of Bloods--Condition of Skeleton--Navel--False Conclusion 274-291

PARALLELS AND PRECEDENTS.

Assumption of adult Development at Creation--Its Reasonableness--The Position waived--Assumption of the Germ-Hypothesis--Double Cocoa-nut--Coral Tree--Tulip--Earth-pea--Mangrove--Medusa--Connexion of Germs with Parent--In Echinoderms--In Annelids--In Insects--Egg of Butterfly--Of Nut Weevil--Of Bots--Of Ichneumon--Of Pill Chafer--Of Gall-fly--Of Lace-fly--Of Spider--Of Gipsy Moth--Of Coccus--Of Saw-fly--Of Cockroach--Of Dirt-dauber--Metamorphosis of Star-fish--Eggs attached to Brachionus--Viviparous Progeny of Rotifer--Of Asplanchna--Of Daphnia--Egg-purse of Shark--Economy of Surinam Toad--Egg of Fowl--Foetus of Kangaroo--Umbilicus 292-334

THE CONCLUSION.

PAGE

Geological Section of Yorkshire 35 Calymene Blumenbachii 41 Cephalaspis 44 Labyrinthodon 57 Snake-necked Marine Lizards 59 Megalosaurus Bucklandi 61 Bat-lizards 62 Hylaeosaurus armatus 63 Mammoth 74 Moho 84 Germination of Scarlet-runner 114 Diagram of Bean 116 " Fern 117 " Hawkmoth 119 " Polype 120 " Cow 121 Leaf-scars of Tree-fern 132 Roots of Iriartea 139 Traveller's Tree 148 Corm of Gladiolus 153 Section of Lily-bulb 157 Testudinaria 159 Encephalartos 162 Twig of Tulip-tree 167 Young Plant of Loranthus 171 Silk-cotton Tree 175 Section of Exogenous Tree 179 Muricated Madrepore 185 Organ-pipe 187 Comatula and Young 194 Serpula 200 Goliath Beetle and Pupa case 206 Larva of Case-fly 209 Melicerta 210 Lepas 218 Botryllus 224 Clavagella 226 Dione Veneris 228 Murex tenuispina 233 Scale of Gilt-head 242 Plates of Tortoise 251 Growth of a Feather 254 Horns of Stag 258 Skull of Babiroussa 262 Skull of Hippopotamus 265 Skull of Elephant 267 Growth of Hair 278 Section of Human Tooth 282 Garden Tulip 298 Germination of Earth-pea 300 Seed of Mangrove 303 Lace-fly and Eggs 312 Brachionus with Eggs 322 Pregnant Asplanchna 323 Hen's Egg 329 Gyroceras 371

THE CAUSE.

"Is there not a cause?"--1 SAM. xvii. 29.

An eminent philosopher has observed that "nothing can be more common or frequent than to appeal to the evidence of the senses as the most unerring test of physical effects. It is by the organs of sense, and by these alone, that we can acquire any knowledge of the qualities of external objects, and of their mutual effects when brought to act one upon another, whether mechanically, physically, or chemically; and it might, therefore, not unreasonably be supposed, that what is called the evidence of the senses must be admitted to be conclusive, as to all the phenomena developed by such reciprocal action.

"Nevertheless, the fallacies are numberless into which those are led who take what they consider the immediate results of sensible impressions, without submitting them to the severe control and disciplined analysis of the understanding."

If this verdict is confessedly true with regard to many observations which we make on things immediately present to our senses, much more likely is it to be true with respect to conclusions which are not "the immediate results of sensible impressions," but are merely deduced by a process of reasoning from such impressions. And if the direct evidence of our senses is to be received with a prudent reserve, because of this possibility of error, even when we have no evidence of an opposing character, still more necessary is the exercise of caution in judging of facts assumed to have occurred at a period far removed from our own experience, and which stand in contradiction to credible historic testimony. Nay, the caveat acquires a greatly intensified force, when the testimony with which the assumed facts are, or seem to be, at variance, is no less a testimony than His who ordained the "facts," who made the objects of investigation; the testimony of the Creator of all things; the testimony of Him who is, from eternity to eternity, ""!

I am not assuming here that the Inspired Word has been rightly read; I merely say that the plain straightforward meaning, the meaning that lies manifestly on the face of the passages in question, is in opposition with the conclusions which geologists have formed, as to the antiquity and the genesis of the globe on which we live.

Perhaps the simple, superficial sense of the Word is not the correct one; but it is at least that which its readers, learned and unlearned, had been generally content with before; and which would, I suppose, scarcely have been questioned, but for what appeared the exigencies of geological facts.

Here is a dilemma. A most painful one to the reverent mind! And many reverent minds have laboured hard and long to escape from it. It is unfair and dishonest to class our men of science with the infidel and atheist. They did not rejoice in the dilemma; they saw it at first dimly, and hoped to avoid it. At first they believed that the mighty processes which are recorded on the "everlasting mountains" might not only be harmonized with, but might afford beautiful and convincing demonstrations of Holy Scripture. They thought that the deluge of Noah would explain the stratification, and the antediluvian era account for the organic fossils.

As the "stone book" was further read, this mode of explanation appeared to many untenable; and they retracted their adherence to it. To a mind rightly constituted, Truth is above every thing: there is no such thing as a pious fraud; the very idea is an impious lie: God is light, and in Him is no darkness at all; and that religion which can be maintained only by dissembling or denying truth, cannot proceed from "Him that is Holy, Him that is True," but from him who "is a liar, and the father of it."

Many upright and ardent cultivators of the young science felt that truth would be compromised by a persistence in those explanations which had hitherto passed current. The discrepancy between the readings in Science and the hitherto unchallenged readings in Scripture, became manifest. Partisans began to array themselves on either side; some, jealous for the honour of God, knew little of science, and rushed into the field ill-prepared for the conflict; some, jealous for science, but little conversant with Scripture, and caring less for it, were willing to throw overboard its authority altogether: others, who knew that the writings were from the same Hand, knew therefore that there must be some way of reconciling them, and set themselves to find it out.

Have they succeeded? If I thought so, I would not publish this book. Many, I doubt not, have been convinced by each of the schemes by which the discrepant statements have been sought to be harmonized. Each of them has had sufficient plausibility to convince its propounder; and, probably, others too. And some of them have attained a large measure of public confidence. Yet if any one of them is true, it certainly has not commanded universal assent. Let us examine how far they agree among themselves, who propose to reconcile Scripture and Science, "the Mosaic and the Mineral Geologies."

Some have recourse to the assumption that the natural processes by which changes in the earth's surface are now going on, may have operated in antediluvian times with a rapidity and power of which we can form little conception from what we are cognisant of. The Rev. J. Mellor Brown takes this ground, adducing the analogies of steam-power and electricity, as effecting in a few moments or hours, what formerly would have required several days or weeks to accomplish.

A writer in Blackwood , in like manner, adheres to the literal sense of Genesis and the Decalogue, and alludes to "the great agencies--the magnetic, electrical, and ethereal influences--probably instrumental in all the phenomena of nature," as being far more powerful than is generally suspected.

Mr. Macbrair--who does not, however, appear, from the amount of his acquaintance with science, competent to judge of the physical evidence--supposes stratification to have proceeded with immense rapidity, because limestone is now deposited in some waters at the rate of six inches per annum. Because a mass of timber, ten miles in length, was collected in the Mississippi, in thirty-eight years, he considers that a "capital coal field" might be formed in a single century. Alluvial strata are mud lavas ejected from volcanoes. The whole difficulty of fossil remains is got rid of by ignoring the distinctions of species, and assuming that the ancient animals and the recent ones are identical. The Pterodactyle and the Plesiosaurus he does not allude to.

According to Dr. Ure,--"The demiurgic week ... is manifestly composed of six working days like our own, and a day of rest, each of equal length, and, therefore, containing an evening and a morning, measured by the rotation of the earth round its axis.... Neither reason nor revelation will justify us in extending the origin of the material system beyond six thousand years from our own days. The world then received its substance, form, and motions from the volition of the Omnipotent."

His theory of the stratification extends over the whole antediluvian era. He supposes that successive irruptions of the central heat broke up the primitive strata and deposited the secondary and tertiary. "The basaltic or trap phenomena lead to the conclusion that such upheavings and subversions were not confined to one epoch of the antediluvian world, but that, coeval with its birth, they pervaded the whole period of its duration.... The Deluge--that universal transflux of the ocean--was the last and greatest of these terraqueous convulsions."

Another class of this school of interpreters refers the stratification of the earth, either to the deluge alone, or to that convulsion conjoined with the one which is considered to have taken place on the third day of the Mosaic narrative. Perhaps the most eminent writer of this class is Mr. Granville Penn, whose opinions may be thus condensed.

He supposes that this globe has undergone only two revolutions. The first was the violent rupture and depression of the surface to become the bed of the sea, and the simultaneous elevation of the other portion to become dry land,--the theatre of terrestrial existence. This first revolution took place before the creation of any organized beings. The second revolution was at the Noachic Flood, when the former bed of the sea was elevated to become the dry land, with all its organic accumulations of sixteen centuries, while the former land was correspondingly depressed and overflowed. "The earth must, therefore, necessarily exhibit manifest and universal evidences of the vast apparent ruin occasioned by its first violent disruption and depression; of the presence and operation of the marine fluid, during the long interval which succeeded; and of the action and effects of that fluid in its ultimate retreat."

Mr. Fairholme so nearly agrees with the above, that I need not quote his opinions in detail.

Dr. Young supposes that an equable climate prevailed all over the globe in the antediluvian period. "Were the highest mountains transferred to the equatorial regions, the most extensive oceans removed towards the poles, and fringed with a border of archipelago,--while lands of moderate height occupied most of the intermediate spaces, between these archipelagos and the equatorial mountains; then a temperature, almost uniform, would prevail throughout the world." This "perpetual summer" would account for the prodigious quantities of animal and vegetable remains:--every region teemed with life.

The Dean of York, in like manner, considers that the convulsions produced by the Deluge, are sufficient to account for all the stratification and fossil remains. That the gradual rise of the waters, and their penetration into the recesses of the rocks, would cause successive volcanic eruptions; the earlier of which would inclose marine fishes and reptiles; then others in turn, the pachyderms and great reptiles of the plains; and, finally, the creatures more exclusively terrestrial. That these repeated heavings of mighty volcanoes raised great part of what had been the bottom of the sea, above its level, and that hence the present land had been for sixteen centuries under water. That the animals which entered the ark, were not selected till after many species had already perished in the earlier convulsions, and hence the number of extinct species now exhumed.

My reader will kindly bear in mind that I am not examining these opinions; I adduce them as examples of the diversity of judgment that still prevails on a question which some affect to consider as settled beyond the approach of doubt.

A totally different solution of the difficulty has been sought in the hypothesis, that the six "days" of the Inspired Record signify six successive periods of immense though of undefined duration. This opinion is as old as the Fathers at least, and not a few able maintainers of it belong to our own times. It has been put forth, however, with most power, by a late lamented geologist, whose wonderful vigour of description and felicity of illustration, have done, perhaps, more than the efforts of any other living man, to render his favourite science popular.

Perhaps I can scarcely set his views in a more striking light than he himself has done in his own peculiarly graphic report of a conversation, which he sustained with some humble inquirers in the Paleontological Gallery of the British Museum.

A large and influential section of the students of Geology regard this hypothesis as untenable. Generally they may be described as holding that the history which is recorded in the igneous and fossiliferous strata does not come into the sacred narrative in any shape. As, however, that narrative commences with "the beginning," and comes down to historic times, the facts so recorded must find their chronology within its bounds. Their place is accordingly fixed by this school of interpretation between the actual primordial creation , and the chaotic state .

Let us hear an able and eloquent geologist, Professor Sedgwick, on the hypothesis just mentioned of the elongation of the six days:--

"They have not denied the facts established by this science, nor have they confounded the nature of physical and moral evidence; but they have prematurely endeavoured to bring the natural history of the earth into a literal accordance with the Book of Genesis; first, by greatly extending the periods of time implied by the six days of creation; and secondly, by endeavouring to show that under this new interpretation of its words, the narrative of Moses may be supposed to comprehend, and to describe in order, the successive epochs of Geology. It is to be feared that truth may, in this way, receive a double injury; and I am certain that the argument just alluded to has been unsuccessful."--"We must consider the old strata of the earth as monuments of a date long anterior to the existence of man, and to the times contemplated in the moral records of his creation."

Many able theologians, who, though well acquainted with natural science, can scarcely be considered as geologists, have been satisfied with this solution of the problem.

Thus Sharon Turner:--

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