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Transcriber's Note:

On page 29: "premisses" should possibly be "premises". On page 184: "Mr Adam" should possibly be "Mr McAdam". On page 300: "meaning basis" should possibly be "meaningful basis".

EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS

BIOGRAPHY

THE LIFE OF MAZZINI BY BOLTON KING, M.A.

TRAVEL ? SCIENCE ? FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ? CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS ? ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ROMANCE

THE ORDINARY EDITION IS BOUND IN CLOTH WITH GILT DESIGN AND COLOURED TOP. THERE IS ALSO A LIBRARY EDITION IN REINFORCED CLOTH

J. M. DENT & SONS LTD. ALDINE HOUSE, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2

E. P. DUTTON & CO. INC. 286-302 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

A GOOD BOOK IS THE PRECIOUS LIFE-BLOOD OF A MASTER SPIRIT EMBALMED & TREASURED UPON PURPOSE TO A LIFE BEYOND LIFE

MILTON

EVERY MAN WILL GO WITH THEE & BE THY GUIDE

IN THY MOST NEED TO GO BY THY SIDE

LONDON & TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J?M?DENT & SONS LTD & IN NEW YORK BY E?P?DUTTON & CO

FIRST PUBLISHED IN THIS EDITION 1912 REPRINTED 1914, 1919, 1929

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

PREFACE This volume contains a life of Mazzini and a study of his thought. It can hardly be said that any serious attempt has been made either in England or Italy to deal with either. Hence the present volume, however unequal to the subject, may have its use. The thirty years, which have passed since Mazzini's death, make it possible now to place him in his true perspective; and the author trusts that the supreme admiration, which he feels for Mazzini as a man, has not prevented him from viewing the politician with impartiality. There exists abundant matter to allow us to judge Mazzini's political work, and it is unlikely that anything yet to be published will seriously affect our estimate of it. For the personal side of Mazzini's life, the moment is not a very opportune one. Ten years ago it would have been possible to glean reminiscences from many, who are now silent. It has been the author's privilege, however, to obtain invaluable information from two of the very few persons now living, who knew Mazzini intimately. While it is nearly too late for personal reminiscences, it is too early to avail oneself fully of Mazzini's correspondence. A good many of his letters have indeed been published, and I have been able to use a good many unpublished ones, especially his correspondence with Mr and Mrs Peter Taylor, which I have found of the greatest value. But unfortunately only one volume has as yet appeared of the collected edition of his correspondence, and there are still probably many of his letters, which have yet to come to light in Italy.

With regard to the study, which occupies the second part of this volume, the author is very sensible of his limitations in dealing with so vast and complex a system as Mazzini's ethical and political thought. It is his hope that he may do something to stimulate more competent writers to labour in a very fruitful field. He believes that the more Mazzini's thought is disentangled, the more its essential importance will appear.

I have to acknowledge gratefully the kindness of those who have helped me in writing this book. Above all I am indebted to Mr and Mrs W. T. Malleson, to whom I owe the loan of the Peter Taylor correspondence and other invaluable help; to Miss Shaen for letting me see Mazzini's letters to her father, Mr W. Shaen, and the MS. of the "Prayer for the Planters," now first published; to Mr Milner-Gibson Cullum, Miss Dorothea Hickson, Mr Mazzini Stuart, Mr P. S. King, and Miss Galeer for the loan of unpublished letters from Mazzini. I have also to acknowledge my grateful thanks to many others, who have assisted me, among whom I would especially mention Miss Ashurst Biggs, Signor Mario Borsa, Mr James Bryce, M.P., Mr W. Burnley, Signora Giuditta Casali-Benvenuti , Mr T. Chambers, Signor Felice Dagnino, Signor G. Gallavresi, Mrs Goodwin, Miss Edith Harvey, Mr H. M. Hyndman, Dr Courtney Kenny, Miss Lucy Martineau, Professor Masson, Mr C. E. Maurice, Mademoiselle Dora Melegari, Mr D. Nathan, Mr T. Okey, Mr Chas. Roberts, Mr J. J. Stansfeld, the Societ? Editrice Sonzogno , Mr W. R. Thayer, and Mr Remsen Whitehouse.

Table of Contents

THE HOME AT GENOA 1805-1831. Aetat 0-25

PAGE

Boyhood and Youth--University Life--Literary Studies-- Classicism and Romanticism--Joins the Carbonari--Arrest and Exile 1-19

YOUNG ITALY 1831-1833. Aetat 25-27

Condition of Italy--The Revolution of 1831--Young Italy--Its Principles: Belief in Italy; Inspiration of Duty; Social Reform--Its Political System: Republicanism; Italian Unity; War with Austria--Secret Societies 20-34

MARSEILLES 1831-1834. Aetat 25-28

At Marseilles--Spread of Young Italy--Letter to Charles Albert--The Army Plot in Piedmont--At Geneva--The Savoy Raid 35-50

SWITZERLAND 1834-1836. Aetat 28-31

Life in Exile--Mental Crisis--Principles of the Revolution--Young Switzerland--Young Europe--Literary Work--Women Friends: Giuditta Sidoli; Madeleine de Mandrot 51-72

LONDON 1837-1843. Aetat 31-38

Life in London--Spiritual Condition--English Friends-- The Carlyles--Lamennais and George Sand--Literary Work-- Decay of Young Italy--The Italian School at Hatton Garden--Appeal to Working Men 73-99

THE REVOLUTION 1843-1848. Aetat 38-43

Politics in Italy--The Bandieras--The Post-Office Scandal--The People's International League--Life in 1845-47--Letter to Pio Nono--Attitude towards the Royalists--The Revolution of 1848--At Milan 100-122

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 1848-1849. Aetat 43-44

The Collapse of the War--The People's War--At Florence--The Mission of Rome--The Roman Republic--The Triumvirate--Attitude to the Church--The French Attack 123-138

LONDON AGAIN 1849-1859. Aetat 44-54

In Switzerland--Life in London--English Friends-- English Politics and Literature--The "Friends of Italy" 139-153

MAZZINI AND CAVOUR 1850-1857. Aetat 45-52

The Piedmontese School--Mazzini and Cavour--The French Alliance--Mazzini and Manin--The Theory of the Dagger-- Conspiracies--The Genoese plot of 1857 154-175

UNITY HALF WON 1858-1860. Aetat 53-55

The War of 1859--At Florence--Plans for the South-- Garibaldi's Expedition--Projected Raid into Umbria-- At Naples 176-188

FOR VENICE 1861-1866. Aetat 56-61

Policy after 1860--Disappointment in Italy--Rome and Venice--Attitude towards the Monarchy--Life in England-- The Greco Plot--American and Irish Politics--Mazzini and Garibaldi--Overtures from Victor Emmanuel--The War of 1866 189-207

THE LAST YEARS 1866-1872. Aetat 61-66

The Republican Alliance--Life at Lugano--Mentana-- Republican Movement in 1868-70--Intrigue with Bismarck --Imprisonment at Gaeta, and Release--Attack on the International--Death 208-221

RELIGION

Religion Essential to Society--Paramountcy of the Spiritual--Criticism of Christianity; Catholicism; Protestantism--Christ's Teaching: its Truths and Imperfections--The Doctrines of the New Faith: God; Progress; Immortality--The Criteria of Truth: the Conscience; Tradition--Humanity--The Need of Unity; Authority; Church and State; the New Church 222-248

DUTY

Morality Depends on an Ideal--Criticism of the Theory of Rights and Utilitarianism--Happiness not the End of Life--Life is a Mission--Work for the Sake of Duty--Thought Useless without Action--Power of the Principle of Duty--Duties to Self; Family; Country 249-266

THE STATE

The Moral Law and the State--Duties of the State: Liberty, Association, Education--Sovereignty is in God--Democracy--The Ideal Government--The Republic--The Ideal State 267-282

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