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Translator: B.C. Goudsmit

Keltische Mythen en Legenden

Door

T. W. Rolleston

Bewerkt door

Dr. B. C. Goudsmit

Zutphen--W. J. Thieme & Cie

De uitgevers.

INLEIDING.

Het verleden kan worden vergeten, het sterft nimmer. De elementen, die in de vroegste tijden bij de vorming van een natie in het spel kwamen, blijven bestaan en dragen er toe bij haar geschiedenis te maken en den stempel te drukken op het karakter en den geest van het volk.

Daarom moet het nasporen van die elementen en het bepalen, voor zoover mogelijk, van het deel dat zij hebben gehad aan schering en inslag van het leven van een volk, van niet gering belang zijn voor hen die inzien, dat uit het verleden het heden en uit het heden de toekomst wordt geboren; die zich zelf, hun magen en hun medeburgers niet willen beschouwen alleen als voorbijgaande schimmen, zich van de eene duisternis in de andere spoedend, maar die weten dat door hen een breede historische stroom gaat, van een verwijderden en geheimzinnigen oorsprong naar een toekomst, die in hooge mate wordt bepaald door al de vroegere omzwervingen van dien menschen-stroom, maar ook, in niet geringen graad door hetgeen zij, dank zij hun moed, hun vaderlandsliefde, hun kennis en hun verstand, er van verkozen te maken.

De rol door het Keltisch ras gespeeld als vormende kracht in de geschiedenis, de literatuur en de kunst van het volk dat de Britsche Eilanden bewoont--een volk dat van dat middelpunt uit zijn heerschappij heeft uitgebreid over zulk een uitgestrekt gebied van de oppervlakte der aarde--is in de volksgedachte onbehoorlijk verkleind geworden. Voor een groot deel heeft hieraan schuld de algemeen gangbare benaming "Angel-Saksisch" voor het Britsche volk, als ras-aanwijzing. Uit een historisch oogpunt is die benaming ten eenenmale verkeerd. Niets wettigt deze onderscheiding van twee Neder-Duitsche stammen, wanneer wij het ras-karakter van het Britsche volk willen aangeven. Het gebruik dier benaming leidt tot ongerijmdheden als die welke de schrijver niet lang geleden opmerkte, toen de voorgenomen verheffing van een Ierschen bisschop tot kardinaal, door den Paus, in een Engelsch blad werd voorgesteld als te zijn ingegeven door den wensch van het hoofd der Katholieke kerk om een vriendelijkheid te bewijzen aan "het Angel-Saksisch ras."

"Namen niet opzettelijk bedacht om rassen aan te duiden moeten nooit worden beschouwd als bewijzen voor ras, maar alleen als bewijzen voor het gemeenschappelijke van taal, of staatkundige organisatie. Wij noemen een man die Engelsch spreekt, in Engeland woont en een klaarblijkelijk Engelschen naam draagt een Engelschman. Toch geven statistieken van 'betrekkelijke nigrescentie' goede gronden om aan te nemen dat Lancashire, West-Yorkshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, Wiltshire, Somerset en een deel van Sussex even Keltisch zijn als Perthshire en Noord-Munster; dat Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Gloucestershire, Devon, Dorset, Northamptonshire, Huntingdonshire en Bedfordshire meer Keltisch zijn--en even Keltisch als Noord-Wales en Leinster; terwijl Buckinghamshire en Hertfordshire zelfs nog meer Keltisch zijn en gelijk staan met Zuid-Wales en Ulster."

Het is dus voor een Angel-Keltisch, niet een Angel-Saksisch volk dat dit overzicht van de oude geschiedenis, den godsdienst en de mythische en romantische literatuur van het Keltisch ras is geschreven. Het is te hopen dat dat volk daarin dingen zal vinden, waardig in herinnering te blijven als bijdragen tot den algemeenen schat der Europeesche cultuur, maar vooral waardig in de herinnering te blijven van hen, die meer dan eenig ander levend volk hebben ge?rfd van het bloed, de neigingen en den aanleg der Kelten.

INHOUD.

LIJST VAN ILLUSTRATIES.

Koningin Maev . "Wij vreezen niemand" 6 "Wij zijn op weg naar Rome" 8 "Onmiddellijk stapte een ander over hem heen toen hij daar nederlag" 22 Vercingetorix rijdt langs het Romeinsche Kamp 24 "Moge Tara voor eeuwig verlaten zijn" 32 Praehistorische Tumulus te New Grange 38 Rijen Steenen, te Kermaris, Carnac 42 Moderne Steenaanbidding te Locronan, Bretagne 50 Ingang van den Tumulus te New Grange 56 Menschenoffers in Galli? 68 "Zij vroegen melk en koren in ruil voor hun Kinderen" 70 St. Finnen en de Heidensche Aanvoerder 82 Tuan bespiedt Nemed 84 De Twee Afgezanten 90 Corpre en Koning Bres 92 "Sawan gaf den halster der koe aan den Knaap" 94 "De Dru?de dreef het naar het huis van zijn vader, Kian" 96 De Boot van Mananan 98 "Bij de feesten van het Toovervolk" 102 "Hier bij het meer werkte hij" 108 Sinend en de Put van Connla 112 De komst van de Zonen van Miled 114 Het volk van Dana luistert naar de Muziek der Zwanen 124 Ethn? hoort stemmen 128 Macha meet den omtrek der Stad uit 136 "De eerste boom was een wilg" 138 Midir en Etain 146 "Op den vloer van de hut vallen zijn vogelveeren af" 150 Conary in de Netten van het Toovervolk 154 De Vloek van Macha 162 De Knaap Setanta Volgt Koning Conor 164 De Hond van Cullan 166 Cuchulain vraagt den Koning om wapenen 168 "Cathbad keek naar de sterren en hij werd zeer verontrust" 180 Koningin Maev en de Dru?de 188 Cuchulain in den Strijd 190 "Slaap nu, Cuchulain, bij het graf in Lerga" 196 "Cuchulain greep Ferdia toen hij viel" 202 "Het Hoofd ging nog altijd door met roepen en vermanen" 204 Cuchulain en de Toovermaagden 206 Emer hoort van de afspraak 208 De Dood van Cuchulain 214 Forbay en Koningin Maev 224 Koning Fergus en de Dwerg 226 Finn vindt de Oude Mannen in het Bosch 236 "Finn hoorde de tonen der Tooverharp" 238 "Ik ben Saba, O Finn" 244 Oisin en Niam 248 "Het witte paard was uit hun oogen verdwenen als een krans van nevel" 252 "Zij vonden zich plotseling verward in draden garen" 254 "Patrick verzoekt zijn schrijvers alles nauwkeurig op te schrijven" 256 "Zij joegen hem naar het strand" 262 "De Fianna richtten een steenen pilaar op, met haar naam in Ogham letters" 264 Dermot nam den Horen en vulde dien 270 Dermot en Grania 274 "De troep der Fianna verdween, en liet haar over aan haar smart" 278 "Het ware beter voor u den man te wreken, die hier verbrand is" 286 "De helft van het koren van uw land wordt hier gemalen" 292 "Den vierden dag kwam zij naar hen toe buiten de vesting" 294 Het offer van Diuran den Rijmer 304 De Boetedoening van Rhiannon 332 "Evnissyen legde zijn hand op den zak" 340 "Ik zal haar niet loslaten" 346 "Het jammeren en weeklagen werd nog luider dan te voren gehoord" 372

HOOFDSTUK I: DE KELTEN IN DE OUDE GESCHIEDENIS.

Oudste mededeelingen.

In de kronieken van de classieke volken van omstreeks vijfhonderd jaar v??r de Christelijke jaartelling vindt men herhaaldelijk gewag gemaakt van een volk, dat met die naties in betrekking stond, somtijds in vrede, somtijds in den oorlog, en dat blijkbaar een krachtige en invloedrijke plaats innam in het onbekende gebied van Midden-Europa. Dit volk wordt door de Grieken de Hyperbore?rs of Kelten genoemd; de laatste uitdrukking wordt het eerst gevonden bij den aardrijkskundige Hecataeus, ongeveer 500 v.C.

Herodotus spreekt omstreeks een halve eeuw later van de Kelten, als van een volksstam die "aan gene zijde van de Zuilen van Hercules woont"--d.i. in Spanje, en verhaalt eveneens, dat de Donau in hun land ontspringt.

Aristoteles wist, dat zij "voorbij Spanje" woonden, dat zij Rome hadden ingenomen, en dat zij uitmuntten in krijgshaftige eigenschappen. Van tijd tot tijd vinden wij ook andere dan aardrijkskundige mededeelingen zelfs bij oude schrijvers. Hellanicus van Lesbos, een geschiedschrijver uit de vijfde eeuw v.C., beschrijft de Kelten als handhavers van rechtvaardigheid en als mannen, die de deugd liefhadden. Ephorus geeft drie dichtregels over de Kelten, waarin hij zegt, dat zij "dezelfde gewoonten hadden als de Grieken" , en dat zij op vriendschappelijken voet met dezen verkeerden, die dan ook gastvriendschap met hen sloten. Plato echter rangschikt in de "Wetten" de Kelten onder de volken, die zich aan dronkenschap overgeven en strijdlustig zijn, en men schrijft hun groote barbaarschheid toe bij gelegenheid van hun inval in Griekenland en de plundering van Delphi van het jaar 273 v.C. Hun aanval op Rome en de plundering dier stad omstreeks een eeuw vroeger is ??n der mijlpalen in de oude geschiedenis.

Het echte Keltische ras.

Hitchcock elsewhere more emphatically asserts that there is but one subject within the wide circle of human interests that can furnish an interpretation of the citations which he gives, and it is that which is known under the theological name of spiritual Regeneration. This gift of God the alchemists investigated as a work of Nature within Nature. "The repentance which in religion is said to begin conversion, is the 'philosophical contrition' of Hermetic allegory. It is the first step of man towards the discovery of his whole being. They also called it the black state of the matter, in which was carried on the work of dissolution, calcination, separation, &c., after which results purification, the white state, which contains the red, as the black contained the white." The evolution of the glorious and radiant red state resulted in the fixation or perfection of the matter, and then the soul was supposed to have entered into its true rest in God.

As this interpretation is concerned chiefly with the conscience, I have called it the moral theory of alchemy; but Hitchcock, as a man of spiritual insight, could not fail to perceive that his explanatory method treated of the way only, and the formless light of an "End," which he could not or would not treat of, is, upon his own admission, continually glimmering before him.

The author of the "Suggestive Inquiry" had already taken the higher standpoint of psychic interpretation, and developed her remarkable principles, which I must endeavour to reproduce as briefly as possible.

"Modern discoveries are now tending to the identification of light, the common vital sustenant, as in motive accord throughout the human circulatory system with the planetary spheres, and harmonious dispositions of the occult medium in space; and as human physiology advances with the other sciences, the notion of our natural correspondency enlarges, till at length the conscious relationship would seem to be only wanting to confirm the ancient tradition."

In addition to the faculties which he commonly exerts to communicate with the material universe, man possesses within him the germ of a higher faculty, the revelation and evolution of which give intuitive knowledge of the hidden springs of nature. This Wisdom-faculty operates in a magical manner, and constitutes an alliance with the Omniscient Nature, so that the illuminated understanding of its possessor perceives the structure of the universe, and enjoys free perspicacity of thought in universal consciousness.

In support of this statement it is argued that the evidence of natural reason, even in the affairs of common life, is intuition, that intuitive faith has a certainty above and independent of reason, that the subsistence of universals in the human mind includes a promise far beyond itself, and is stable proof of another subsistence, however consciously unknown.

The true methods and conditions of self-knowledge are to be learned from the ancient writers. The discovery of the veritable Light of alchemy is the reward of an adequate scrutiny of true psychical experience. Alchemy proposes "such a reducation of nature as shall discover this latex without destroying her vehicle, but only the modal life; and professes that this has not alone been proved possible, but that man by rationally conditionating has succeeded in developing into action the Recreative Force."

The One Thing needful, the sole act which must be perfectly accomplished that man may know himself, is the exaltation, by the adequately purified spirit, of the cognising faculty into intellectual reminiscence. The transcendental philosophy of the mysteries entirely hinges on the purification of the whole understanding, without which they promise nothing.

This method of interpreting the Hermetic allegories is calculated to exalt the alchemists indefinitely in the estimation of all thinking minds. From possibly avaricious investigators of a by-way of physical science, they are transfigured into dreamers of the sublimest imaginable dream, while if that which they conceived was accomplished, they are divine and illuminated monarchs who are throned on the pinnacles of eternity, having dominion over their infinite souls.

A theory so attractive, devised in the interests of men whom romance has already magnified in the auriferous cloud of mystery which envelopes both their claims and their persons, is eminently liable to be accepted on insufficient grounds, because of its poetical splendour, so it will be well to ascertain the facts and arguments on which it is actually based.

Both Hitchcock and the unparalleled woman to whom we are indebted for the "Suggestive Inquiry" appeal to alchemical writings in support of their statements. A few of their quotations and commentaries must therefore be submitted to the reader.

The first point which strikes the alchemical student is the unanimous conviction of all the philosophers that certain initiatory exercises of a moral and spiritual kind are an indispensable preliminary to operations which are commonly supposed to be physical. Here the incongruity is evident, and it is therefore urged that the process itself is spiritual, and that it was materialised in the writings of the adepts to confuse and mislead the profane, as well as for the protection of esoteric psychologists in the days of the Inquisition and the stake.

The following preparation for the study of Antimony is recommended by Basil Valentin. "First, Invocation to God, with a certain heavenly intention, drawn from the bottom of a sincere heart and conscience, pure from all ambition, hypocrisy, and all other vices which have any affinity with these; as arrogance, boldness, pride, luxury, petulancy, oppression of the poor, and other similar evils, all of which are to be eradicated from the heart; that when a man desires to prostrate himself before the throne of grace, for obtaining health, he may do so with a conscience free from unprofitable weeds, that his body may be transmuted into a holy temple of God, and be purged from all uncleanness. For God will not be mocked , as worldly men, pleasing and flattering themselves with their own wisdom, think. God, I say, will not be mocked, but the Creator of all things will be invoked with reverential fear, and acknowledged with due obedience.... Which is so very true that I am certainly assured no impious man shall ever be partaker of the true medicine, much less of the eternal, heavenly bread. Therefore place your whole intention and trust in God; call upon him, and pray that he may impart his blessing to you. Let this be the beginning of your work, that by the same you may obtain your desired end, and at length effect what you intended. For the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom."

The second qualification is contemplation, by which, says Basil, "I understand an accurate attention to the business itself, under which will fall these considerations first to be noted. As, what are the circumstances of anything; what the matter; what the form; whence its operations proceed; whence it is infused and implanted; how generated ... also how the body of everything may be ... resolved into its first matter or essence. This contemplation is celestial, and to be understood with spiritual reason; for the circumstances and depths of things cannot be conceived in any other way than by the spiritual cogitation of man: and this contemplation is two-fold. One is called possible, the other impossible. The latter consists in copious cogitations which never proceed to effects, nor exhibit any form of matter which falls under the touch, as if any should endeavour to comprehend the Eternity of the Most High, which is vain and impossible; yea, it is a sin against the Holy Ghost, so arrogantly to pry into the Divinity itself, which is immense, infinite, and eternal; and to subject the incomprehensible counsel of the secrets of God to human inquisition. The other part of contemplation which is possible is called theory. This contemplates that which is perceived by touch and sight, and hath a nature formed in time; this considers how that nature may be helped and perfected by resolution of itself; how every body may give forth from itself the good or evil, venom or medicine, latent in it; how destruction and confection are to be handled, whereby, under a right proceeding, without sophistical deceits, the pure may be severed and separated from the impure. This separation is made and instituted by divers manual operations ... some of which are vulgarly known by experience, others remote from vulgar experience. These are calcination, sublimation, reverberation, circulation, putrefaction, digestion, distillation, cohobation, fixation, and the like of these; all the degrees of which are found in operating, learned, and perceived, and manifested by the same. Whence will clearly appear what is movable, what is fixed, what is white, what red, black, blue, green, namely, when the operation is rightly instituted by the artificer; for possibly the operation may err, and turn aside from the right way; but that Nature should err, when rightly handled, is not possible. Therefore if you shall err, so that nature cannot be altogether free, and released from the body in which it is held captive, return again unto your way; learn the theory more perfectly, and inquire more practically into the method of your operating, that you may discover the foundation and certainty in the separation of all things; which is a matter of great concern. And this is the second foundation of philosophy which follows prayer; for in that the sum of the matter lies, and is contained in these words:--Seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness by prayer, and all other things shall be added unto you."

Perhaps it will be thought, even at this preliminary stage of citation, that there is much to be said for the physical theory of alchemy. A particular appeal is, however, made to the celebrated "Canons of Espagnet," and to the following passage:--"The light of this knowledge is the gift of God, which by his freeness he bestoweth upon whom he pleaseth. Let none, therefore, set himself to the study hereof, until, having cleared and purified his heart, he devote himself wholly unto God, and be emptied of all affection to things impure. Those that are in public honours and offices, or be always busied with private and necessary occupations, let them not strive to attain to the top of this philosophy; for it requireth the whole man; and being found, possesseth him, and being possessed, challengeth him from all long and serious employments, esteeming all other things as strange unto him, and of no value. Let him that is desirous of this knowledge clear his mind from all evil motions, especially pride, which is abomination to heaven, and the gate of hell. Let him be frequent at prayers and charitable; have little to do with the world; abstain from too much company-keeping, and enjoy constant tranquillity, that the mind may be able to reason more freely in private, and be more highly lifted up; for unless it be kindled with a beam of divine light, it will hardly be able to penetrate the hidden mysteries of truth.... A studious Tyro of a quick wit, constant mind, inflamed with the love of philosophy, very quick in natural philosophy, of a pure heart, perfect in manner, mightily devoted to God, even though ignorant of chemistry, may enter with confidence the highway of Nature, and peruse the books of the best philosophers. Let him seek out an ingenious companion for himself, and not despair of accomplishing his desire."

"Let a lover of truth," continues the author of the Canons, "make use of but a few philosophers, but of best note and experienced truth; let him suspect things that are quickly understood, especially in mystical names and secret operations, for truth lies hid in obscurity; nor do philosophers ever write more deceitfully than when plainly, nor ever more truly than when obscurely."

In the same manner, "The New Light of Alchemy," falsely ascribed to Sendivogius, and which is in high appreciation among Hermetic students, declares that "the most commendable art of alchemy is the gift of God, and truly it is not to be attained but by the alone favour of God enlightening the understanding, together with a patient and devout humility, or by an ocular demonstration from some experienced master."

"Whoever attempteth the search of our glorious stone, he ought, in the first place, to implore the assistance of the all-powerful Jehova, at the throne of his mercy, who is the true and sole author of all mysteries of nature; the monarch of heaven and earth, the King of kings, omnipotent, most true and most wise; who not only maketh manifest in the microcosm, the truth of every science to worthy philosophers, and liberally bestoweth both natural and divine knowledge on the deserving and faithful; but also layeth open his treasures of wealth and riches which are locked up in the abyss of nature to those who devoutly worship him. And forasmuch as none are permitted to touch the mysteries of nature with foul fingers, therefore it behoveth all who attempt such matters, to lay aside their natural blindness from which, by the light of the holy Scripture and a stedfast faith, they may be freed, that being the means by which the Holy Spirit doth clearly make manifest the most profoundly hidden light of nature, which light alone lays open the way to the wisdom of nature, and to unlock the most abstruse mysteries thereof."

Even the subdued imagination which is claimed by the author of "Remarks on Alchemy and the Alchemists," is likely to go astray in the labyrinth of alchemical symbolism, and some of the interpretations of Hitchcock are exceedingly forced and unnatural. His citations are indiscriminately gathered from the most transcendental writers, and from those who, like George Starkey, have exhausted language in emphatic declarations that their subject and their object are actual metallic gold.

"Zoroaster's Cave, or the philosopher's intellectual echo to one another from their caves," is the title of a small work quoted by Hitchcock. It opens thus:--"Dry water from the Philosophers' Clouds! Look for it and be sure to have it, for it is the key to inaccessibles and to those locks that would otherwise keep thee out. It is a middle nature between fixed and not fixed, and partakes of a sulphureous azurine. It is a raw, cool, feminine fire, and expects its impregnation from a masculine solar sulphur." Hitchcock's interpretation is this:--a pure conscience! Look for it and be sure that you have it, &c. It is of a middle nature between soul and body, and partakes of a heavenly spirit. It expects its life from God.

It is needless to say that with this method any meaning could be extracted from any allegorical writings. The author of the "Suggestive Inquiry" is far more profound and evinces a far keener insight. It is evident, however, that the truth of both methods of interpretation depends on the connection of the alchemists with practical chemistry. On this vital question, the uniocular condition of both writers is utterly astounding.

"No modern art or chemistry has anything to do with alchemy, beyond the borrowed terms which were made use of in continuance chiefly to veil the latter." That is to say, the alchemists did not lay the foundations of the science, the beginnings of which are attributed to them, and in this matter we are not by any means indebted to them. This extreme statement is qualified by the later commentator, who gives a more detailed expression to his views.

"That chemistry is indebted for its introduction among the sciences indirectly to the alchemists is certainly true; at least I have no disposition to question it; but not to the immediate labours of the alchemists themselves, whose peculiar work was one of contemplation and not of the hands. Their alembic, furnace, cucurbit, retort, philosophical egg, &c., in which the work of fermentation, distillation, extraction of essence and spirits, and the preparation of salts is said to have taken place, was man--yourself, friendly reader; and if you will take yourself into your own study, and be candid and honest, acknowledging no other guide or authority but Truth, you may easily discover something of Hermetic philosophy; and if at the beginning there should be 'fear and trembling,' the end may be a more than compensating peace.

This passage is a long series of simply incredible misstatements. The history of chemistry and the lives of the adepts alike bear witness against it. My object in publishing this book is to establish the true nature of the Hermetic experiment by an account of those men who have undertaken it, and who are shewn by the plain facts of their histories to have been in search of the transmutation of metals. There is no need for argument; the facts speak sufficiently. It is not to the blind followers of the alchemists that we owe the foundation of chemistry; it is to the adepts themselves, to the illustrious Geber, to that grand master Basilius Valentinus, to Raymond Lully, the supreme hierophant. What they discovered will be found in the following pages; here it will be sufficient for my purpose to quote the views of a French scientist who has made a speciality of alchemy, and who is also a high authority on the subject of modern chemistry.

"It is impossible to disown that alchemy has most directly contributed to the creation and the progress of modern physical sciences. The alchemists were the first to put the experimental method in practice, that is, the faculty of observation and induction in its application to scientific researches; moreover, by uniting a considerable number of facts and discoveries in the order of the molecular actions of bodies, they have introduced the creation of chemistry. This fact ... is beyond every doubt. Before the eighth century, Geber put in practice the rules of that experimental school, the practical code and general principles of which were merely developed later on by Galileo and Francis Bacon. The works of Geber, the 'Sum of all Perfection,' and the 'Treatise on Furnaces,' contain an account of processes and operations wholly conformed to the methods made use of to-day in chemical investigations; while Roger Bacon, in the thirteenth century, applying the same order of ideas to the study of physics, was led to discoveries which, for his time, were astounding. It is impossible, therefore, to contest that the alchemists were the first to inaugurate the art of experience. They prepared the arrival of the positive sciences by basing the interpretation of phenomena on the observation of facts, and openly breaking with the barren metaphysical traditions which had so long checked the progress of the human mind."

"As then himself his likeness did beget, So gold must gold, this law's to Nature set."

Morien adds that the secret stone must be sought in the dunghill, which signifies, says the "Marrow of Alchemy," that the metal must be brought to putrefaction. "Those who assert that common gold is not the matter are in error. Gold is one. No other substance under Heaven can compare with it. Gold is the noble seed of our art. Yet it is dead. It needs to be unloosed, and must go to water. It must be tempered with its own humidity; it must be blent with our true water, disposed in a due vessel, closed with all caution, settled in a due nest, and with due fire inclined to motion." It becomes the true gold of the philosophers when by a retrograde motion it tends to resolution. "Then it is our Sun, our Marchasite, and, joined with our Moon, it becomes our bright crystal Fountain."

Eugenius Philalethes enlarges on the infinite capacity of our spiritual nature and on the power of our soul's imagination. "She has an absolute power in miraculous and more than natural transmutations," and he clothes his doctrine of human evolution in the terminology of alchemical adepts.

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