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Ebook has 460 lines and 60932 words, and 10 pages

PART I

THE DESERT AND ITS PEOPLE

PAGE

PREFACE vii

THE SUDAN COAST

Approach by sea through coral reefs -- The maritime plain and the mountains beyond -- Desert flowers -- Summer calm on the pearling grounds -- Sandstorm -- Winter rain -- Golden desert and turquoise sea -- Coral gardens -- Port Sudan -- Suakin 1

THE PEOPLE, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS

The three nationalities -- The negroes -- Escapes from slavery, Mabr?k's adventure -- Introduction to a Hamitic native -- Dress and arms -- Women -- Sexual morality, duels -- Government under Sh?khs -- Tribal fights -- Fraternity and Equality, little Liberty -- The power of tradition -- Mohammedanism 15

RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES AND SUPERSTITIONS

Religious phraseology -- Veneration of Sh?khs -- "Old Man Flea" and his legends -- The m?led celebration and "dervish dance" -- Amulets -- Witchcraft -- Milking -- Evil Eye -- Pearls -- Cats -- Eclipse of the Moon -- Medical -- British parallels -- Honesty 35

THE DAILY LIFE OF THE PEOPLE

Desert farming -- Nomad life -- Tents and utensils -- Amusements 50

SAILORS, FISHERMEN AND PEARL DIVERS

WOMEN'S LIFE

Social position and influence -- Divorce -- Ibrahim's wife, forgiveness and death -- Women's work -- Home 73

PART II

CORALS AND CORAL REEFS

CORALS AND CORAL ANIMALS

Importance of corals -- Coral polyp and sea anemone -- Propagation by cuttings -- Colonial polyps -- Forms of corals -- Fungia -- Coral gardens -- Colours -- Place in marine life, and in Evolution 83

THE BUILDING OF REEFS

Fate of dead corals -- Stony seaweeds -- Rate of growth of a reef -- Destruction of coral by sponge, mollusca, &c. -- Form of a coral reef -- Origin by growth of coral -- Abrasion of the shore forming reef flat -- Origin of the boat channel -- Distinctive features of coral reefs formed by abrasion alone in Zanzibar, Cape Verde Islands, and near Alexandria -- Recrystallisation of limestone -- Three kinds of reef -- The problem of Atolls -- Darwin's Theory -- The Funafuti boring -- Atolls formed by direct growth 98

THE MAKING OF THE RED SEA

Climate, alternations of desert and sea conditions -- Hot sand-bearing winds -- Rainfall -- Peculiarities of the tide -- Canal-like shape of Red Sea -- The great Rift Valley -- Origin of the "Brothers" and "Daedalus Reef" -- "Emerald Island" -- The coast and reefs -- Maritime plain -- Its coral border -- Recent nature of internal structure of coral rock -- Elevation of coastline -- Foundations of the reefs -- Previous theories inadmissible -- Rawaya peninsula -- Three steps on sides of Rift Valley -- Successive elevations -- Harbours -- Problem of their origin -- A natural promenade -- Coast-wise travel -- The Shubuk labyrinth -- Summary of history of the Red Sea 118

PAGE

Fig. 4. Plan of Suakin harbour etc. 11

,, 5. Suakin, the Customs House and Government buildings ,,

,, V, ,, 7. ,, the causeway and town gate ,, 14

,, V, ,, 8. ,, one of Kitchener's forts ,, ,,

,, V, ,, 9. Sunset on the Red Sea ,, ,,

,, VI, ,, 10. Portrait of a young Hamite ,, 15

,, X, ,, 17. A veteran seaman ,, 25

,, X, ,, 18. Mutton fat hair dressing ,, ,,

,, X, ,, 19. Daggers and amulet ,, ,,

,, X, ,, 20. A woman's hand ,, ,,

,, 38. Diagram of halyard 61

,, XX, Figs. 43 to 46. The operations of a pearl fisher ,, 66

,, XXX, ,, 64 and 65. Stony seaweeds ,, 100

Diagram 1. Features of a fringing reef 104

Diagram 2. The building of a reef 105

,, 3. Further growth of the reef 106

,, 4. The abrasion of the coast ,,

,, 5. Formation of fringing reef 107

Diagram 6. Formation of atoll by direct growth. 115

,, 7. Formation of a rift valley 122

,, 8. Atoll growing on summit of a volcanic mound. 124

Fig. 78. Coast of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 126

Fig. 84. Map of reefs off Port Sudan 137

Diagram 9. Section through Rawaya and Makawar 138

Fig. 85. Map of Rawaya, etc 139

Diagram 10. Levelling action of the sea 140

Diagram 11. Reefs off Ras Salak 142

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