: Ethnology of the Ungava District Hudson Bay Territory Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1889-1890 Government Printing Office Washington 1894 pages 159-350 by Turner Lucien M Lucien McShan Mur

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Introduction 167 Fort Chimo and the surrounding region 167 Climate 172 Auroras 173 Vegetation 173 Animal life 174 Mammals 174 Birds 175

The native inhabitants of the country--general sketch 175 The Eskimo 175 The Indians 181

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FIG. 21. Eskimo grave. 192 22. Magic doll 197 23. Belt of magic doll 198 24. Talisman attached to magic doll 199 25. Talisman 199 26. Talisman 199 27. Talisman 200 28. Eskimo woman's amulet 201 29. Eskimo birdskin cap 209 30. Eskimo man's deerskin coat 210 31. Eskimo man's deerskin coat 211 32. Eskimo man's sealskin coat 212 33. Eskimo man's sealskin coat 213 34. Eskimo woman's deerskin coat 214 35. Eskimo woman's deerskin coat 215 36. Eskimo woman's deerskin coat 215 37. Eskimo woman's deerskin coat 216 38. Eskimo woman's sealskin coat 216 39. Eskimo woman's deerskin coat 217 40. Back view of same 217 41. Eskimo boots 218 42. Eskimo shoes 219 43. Ice shoes, Hudson strait Eskimo 219 44. Long waterproof sealskin mitten 220 45. Waterproof gut frock 221 46. Snow goggles--front 222 47. Snow goggles--rear 223 48. Deserted Eskimo snowhouses near Fort Chimo 224 49. Soapstone lamp, Koksoagmyut 229 50. Soapstone lamp, Koksoagmyut 229 51. Soapstone lamp, Koksoagmyut 229 52. Frame for drying mittens 230 53. Soapstone kettle 230 54. Soapstone kettle 231 55. Wooden dish 231 56. Sealskin bucket 232 57. Sealskin cup 232 58. Tobacco pouch 234 59. Eskimo Umiak 235 60. Dog whip 244 61. Bow, East Main Eskimo 246 62. Bow, East Main Eskimo 246 63. Arrow, East Main Eskimo 247 64. Arrow, East Main Eskimo 247 65. Arrow, East Main Eskimo 247 66. Bow case, East Main Eskimo 248 67. Hand spear for killing seals, from kaiak, Koksoak 249 68. Toggle head for hand spear 250 69. Sealskin float 250 70. Ivory snow knife, Koksoagmyut 253 71. Back-scratcher, Koksoagmyut 253 72. Ivory needle case, Koksoagmyut 254 73. Ivory needle case, Koksoagmyut 254 74. Sealskin needle cushion, with thimble, Koksoagmyut 254 75. "Cup and ball," Koksoagmyut 256 76. Football and driver, Koksoagmyut 256 77. Dominoes, Hudson strait Eskimo 257 78. Eskimo doll, man 258 79. Eskimo doll, woman 258 80. Eskimo doll, woman 259 81. Eskimo doll, woman 259 82. Eskimo violin 259 83. Birds carved in ivory 260 84. Human figure carved in ivory 260 85. Indian medicine lodge 274 86. Indian amulet of bearskin 275 87. Indian buckskin coat, man's 281 88. Indian buckskin coat, man's 282 89. Detail of pattern painted on Indian garment 282 90. Detail of pattern painted on deerskin robe 283 91. Indian buckskin leggings 283 92. Indian moccasins 284 93. Indian mittens 285 94. Beaded headband, Nenenot 286 95. Man's winter coat 287 96. Man's winter coat 288 97. Detail of ornamentation 288 98. Man's winter coat, with hood 289 99. Man's winter coat, with hood 290 100. Nenenot woman in full winter dress 291 101. Sealskin headband, Nenenot 292 102. Skin scraper , Nenenot 292 103. Skin scraper , Nenenot 292 104. Skin-cleaning tool, Nenenot 293 105. Skin-cleaning tool , Nenenot 294 106. Paint stick, Nenenot 296 107. 296 108. Paint stick, Nenenot 296 109. Paint stick, Nenenot 297 110. Paint stick, Nenenot 297 111. Paint cup, Nenenot 297 112. Paint cup, Nenenot 297 113. Paint cup, Nenenot 298 114. Nenenot Indian tent 298 115. Wooden bucket, Nenenot 301 116. Birchbark basket, Nenenot 301 117. Birchbark basket, Nenenot 301 118. Stone pestle, Nenenot 302 119. Wooden spoon or ladle, Nenenot 302 120. Wooden spoon or ladle, Nenenot 302 121. Wooden spoon or ladle, Nenenot 303 122. Wooden spoon or ladle, Nenenot 303 123. Stone tobacco pipe 304 124. Pipe cleaner, Nenenot 304 125. Spoon for applying grease to canoe 306 126. Toboggan, Nenenot, side view 307 127. Toboggan, Nenenot, from above 307 128. Nenenot snowshoe, single bar 308 129. Nenenot snowshoe, single bar 309 130. Snowshoe needle, Nenenot 310 131. Wooden snowshoe, Little Whale river 311 132. Bow, Nenenot 312 133. Arrow, Nenenot 313 134. Arrow, Nenenot 313 135. Arrow, Nenenot 313 136. Arrow, Nenenot 313 137. Deer lance, Nenenot 314 138. White whale spear, Little Whale river 314 139. Point of white whale spear enlarged 314 140. Reindeer snare, Nenenot 315 141. Crooked knife, Nenenot 317 142. Awl, Nenenot 318 143. Snow shovel, Nenenot 318 144. Ice scoop, Nenenot 318 145. 319 146. Comb, with birchbark case and cleaner 320 147. Boards for woman's hair 320 148. Swimming board 321 149. Fishhook and line 321 150. Cup and ball, Nenenot 324 151. Drum, Nenenot 324 152. Drum, Little Whale river 325 153. Rattle, Nenenot 326 154. Target, reindeer, buck 326 155. Target, reindeer, doe 326

ETHNOLOGY OF THE UNGAVA DISTRICT, HUDSON BAY TERRITORY.

INTRODUCTION.

Ungava bay is on the northern coast of old Labrador--the last great bight of the strait between the ocean and the mouth of Hudson bay. Its chief affluent is Koksoak or South river, which is several hundred miles long and takes its rise in a picturesque festoonery of lakes looped through the highlands half way down to Quebec.

FORT CHIMO AND THE SURROUNDING REGION.

Fort Chimo is in longitude 68? 16? west of Greenwich and latitude 58? 8? north. The post is on the right bank of the Koksoak river, about 27 miles from its mouth. The elevation of the level tract on which the houses are situated is but a few feet above high-water mark. The location was selected on account of its comparative dryness, and also because the river affords a safer anchorage in that vicinity than lower down.

The early Moravian missionaries, long before established on the Atlantic coast, desired to extend their labors for the conversion of the Eskimo to their teachings. About the year 1825 a vessel ascended the Koksoak river for the purpose of selecting a new missionary station. Nearly opposite Fort Chimo is a beacon, yet standing, erected by the people of that vessel. Their reception among the natives was such that they gave a glowing account of it on their return. The Hudson Bay Company immediately took steps to erect a trading post upon the river, and a small party was sent in the year 1831 from Moose Factory to establish a trading post where the trade would appear to promise future development. The men remained there, obtaining a precarious subsistence, as the vessel delivering them supplies visited that place only once in two years. Their houses were simple, consisting of a single structure for the official in charge, another for the servants, and two more for the storage of goods. A palisade was erected around the houses to prevent the intrusion of the natives, Indians and Eskimo, who were so lately at war with each other that the rancorous feeling had not subsided and might break out afresh at any moment without warning. The remnants of the palisade were yet visible in 1882. The establishment of this trading post had a pacifying influence upon the natives, who soon found they could do better by procuring the many valuable fur-bearing animals than by engaging in a bloody strife, which the traders always deprecate and endeavor to prevent or suppress. After many trials to establish an overland communication with the stations on Hamilton inlet, it was found to be impracticable, and in 1843 the station was abandoned.

John M'Lean, in a work entitled "Twenty-five Years in the Hudson's Bay Territory," gives an account of that portion of the country that came under his knowledge from the year 1838 to 1843.

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