: Fors Clavigera (Volume 5 of 8) Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain by Ruskin John - Conduct of life; Social problems; Aesthetics; Great Britain Social conditions 19th century; Working class Great Britain

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OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

Page INTRODUCTION ix

Departure from England--Transactions at Stromness--Enter Davis' Straits--Perilous situation on the shore of Resolution Island--Land on the coast of Labrador--Esquimaux of Savage Islands--York Factory--Preparations for the Journey into the Interior 1

Passage up Hayes', Steel, and Hill Rivers--Cross Swampy Lake--Jack River--Knee Lake, and Magnetic Islet--Trout River--Holy Lake--Weepinapannis River--Windy Lake--White Fall Lake and River--Echemamis and Sea Rivers--Play-Green Lakes--Lake Winipeg--River Saskatchawan--Cross, Cedar, and Pine Island Lakes--Cumberland House 41

Dr. Richardson's residence at Cumberland-House--His account of the Cree Indians 91

Leave Cumberland House--Mode of Travelling in Winter--Arrival at Carlton House--Stone Indians--Visit to a Buffalo Pound--Goitres--Departure from Carlton House--Isle ? la Crosse--Arrival at Fort Chipewyan 146

Transactions at Fort Chipewyan--Arrival of Dr. Richardson and Mr. Hood--Preparations for our Journey to the Northward 221

Mr. Hood's Journey to the Basquiau Hill--Sojourns with an Indian Party--His Journey to Chipewyan 260

Departure from Chipewyan--Difficulties of the various Navigation of the Rivers and Lakes, and of the Portages--Slave Lake and Fort Providence--Scarcity of Provisions, and Discontent of the Canadian Voyagers--Difficulties with regard to the Indian Guides--Refusal to proceed--Visit of Observation to the upper part of Copper-Mine River--Return to the Winter-Quarters of Fort Enterprise 301

INTRODUCTION.

His Majesty's Government having determined upon sending an Expedition from the Shores of Hudson's Bay by land, to explore the Northern Coast of America, from the Mouth of the Copper-Mine River to the eastward, I had the honour to be appointed to this service by Earl Bathurst, on the recommendation of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty; who, at the same time, nominated Doctor John Richardson, a Surgeon in the Royal Navy, Mr. George Back, and Mr. Robert Hood, two Admiralty Midshipmen, to be joined with me in the enterprize. My instructions, in substance, informed me that the main object of the Expedition was that of determining the latitudes and longitudes of the Northern Coast of North America, and the trending of that Coast from the Mouth of the Copper-Mine River to the eastern extremity of that Continent; that it was left for me to determine according to circumstances, whether it might be most advisable to proceed, at once, directly to the northward till I arrived at the sea-coast, and thence westerly towards the Copper-Mine River; or advance, in the first instance, by the usual route to the mouth of the Copper-Mine River, and from thence easterly till I should arrive at the eastern extremity of that Continent; that, in the adoption of either of these plans, I was to be guided by the advice and information which I should receive from the wintering servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, who would be instructed by their employers to co-operate cordially in the prosecution of the objects of the Expedition, and who would provide me with the necessary escort of Indians to act as guides, interpreters, game-killers, &c.; and also with such articles of clothing, ammunition, snow-shoes, presents, &c., as should be deemed expedient for me to take. That as another principal object of the Expedition was to amend the very defective geography of the northern part of North America, I was to be very careful to ascertain correctly the latitude and longitude of every remarkable spot upon our route, and of all the bays, harbours, rivers, headlands, &c., that might occur along the Northern Shore of North America. That in proceeding along the coast, I should erect conspicuous marks at places where ships might enter, or to which a boat could be sent; and to deposit information as to the nature of the coast for the use of Lieutenant Parry. That in the journal of our route, I should register the temperature of the air at least three times in every twenty-four hours; together with the state of the wind and weather, and any other meteorological phenomena. That I should not neglect any opportunity of observing and noting down the dip and variation of the magnetic needle, and the intensity of the magnetic force; and should take particular notice whether any, and what kind or degree of, influence the Aurora Borealis might appear to exert on the magnetic needle; and to notice whether that phenomenon were attended with any noise; and to make any other observations that might be likely to tend to the further development of its cause, and the laws by which it is governed.

Mr. Back and Mr. Hood were to assist me in all the observations above-mentioned, and to make drawings of the land, of the natives, and of the various objects of natural history; and, particularly, of such as Dr. Richardson, who, to his professional duties, was to add that of naturalist, might consider to be most curious and interesting.

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