: Western Himalaya and Tibet A Narrative of a Journey Through the Mountains of Northern India During the Years 1847-8 by Thomson Thomas - Tibet Autonomous Region (China) Description and travel; Thomson Thomas 1817-1878 Travel Himalaya Mountains Region; Thoms

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Appointment to a Mission about to proceed to Tibet -- Leave Firozpur for Simla -- Approach to the Mountains -- Appearance of Himalaya from Plains of India -- Kalka -- Ascent to Kussowlee -- Vegetation of Plainward Face -- Origin of Kussowlee Ridge -- Climate and Vegetation of Kussowlee -- Aspect of inner ranges -- Road from Kussowlee to Simla -- Sabathu -- Cross Gambar River -- Haripur -- Tropical Vegetation of Basin of Gambar -- Steep Ascent to Simla -- its extent and situation -- its Vegetation -- Oak-forest -- Pines -- Flora of Spring Months -- of Rainy Season -- View from Peak of Jako -- Structure of Mountain Ranges 1

Leave Simla -- Mahasu Ridge -- Pine Forest -- Summit of Mahasu -- Vegetation of Northern Slope -- Fagu -- Theog -- Mattiana -- Cultivated Valley -- Nagkanda -- Ascent of Hattu -- Forest of Pine and Oak -- Vegetation of Summit -- View from top of Mountain -- Plainward slopes bare of forest, while those facing the interior are well wooded -- Cultivation at 9500 feet -- Descent from Nagkanda towards Sutlej -- Damp shady Ravine densely wooded -- Kotgarh -- Cultivation -- Rapid Descent -- Change of Climate -- Tropical Vegetation -- Rampur -- Swing-bridge -- Diurnal fluctuations in level of River -- Gaora -- Serahan -- Tranda -- Western boundary of Kunawar 29

Leave valley of Piti river -- Kibar -- Cultivation above 14,000 feet -- Vegetation of mountains -- Rocky gorge -- Encampment at 17,000 feet -- Parang Pass -- Snow-bed and glacier -- First plants at 16,500 feet -- Parang valley -- Gorge leading to Chumoreri Lake -- Kiang, or wild horse -- Chumurti -- Remarkable grassy plain -- Lanak Pass -- Granite boulders -- Plants above 18,000 feet -- Undulating hilly country -- Hanle plain -- Vegetation -- Monastery of Hanle 130

Descend Hanle river -- Unsettled weather -- Encamp on banks of Indus -- Upper course of Indus -- Pugha ravine -- Forest of Myricaria trees -- Borax plain -- Hot springs -- Borax lakes of Eastern Tibet -- Sulphur mine -- Pulokanka Pass -- Salt lake -- Lacustrine clays with shells -- Ancient water-mark -- Rupchu -- Tunglung Pass -- Fall of snow -- Alluvial conglomerate -- Giah -- Narrow ravine -- Miru -- Upshi -- Indus valley -- Marsilang -- Richly cultivated plain of Chashut -- Bridge over Indus -- Le -- Buddhist edifices 155

Marked change in the Vegetation -- Bridge over Chenab -- Pargwal -- Description of Chenab valley -- Asdhari -- Chatargarh -- Road turns up valley of Butna -- Vegetation of Chenab valley -- Chishot -- Snow-beds -- Camp at 10,500 feet -- Ancient moraines -- Glacier -- Camp at 11,500 feet -- Rapid ascent along glacier -- Camp on moraine, at 14,600 feet -- Change of weather -- Ascent towards pass over glacier -- Cross Umasi La -- Descent -- Immense glacier -- Encamp in Tibet, at 13,800 feet -- Open valley of Zanskar -- Padum -- Great change of climate -- and in vegetation 342

Rope bridge across Zanskar river -- Tongde -- Zangla -- Road leaves Zanskar river -- Takti La -- Nira -- Bridge over Zanskar river -- Singhi La -- Phutaksha -- Wandla -- Lama Yuru -- Cross Indus river -- Kalatze -- Nurla -- Saspola -- Nimo -- Le -- Pass north of Le -- Small glacier -- Kardong -- Kalsar -- Vegetation -- Diskit -- Passage of Shayuk river -- Upper Nubra -- Vegetation of Nubra -- Hot spring at Panamik 367

Start for Karakoram -- Steep ascent out of Nubra valley -- Meet a party of Merchants from Yarkand -- View from summit of pass -- Rapid torrent -- Large glacier -- Steep moraines -- Alpine vegetation -- Numerous glaciers -- Lakes -- Glacier on crest of Sassar pass -- Sassar -- Cross Shayuk river -- Murgai -- Limestone rocks -- Ascend Murgai Valley to 16,800 feet -- Singular limestone formation -- Open plain above 17,000 feet -- Re-cross Shayuk river -- Karakoram pass -- Return to Sassar -- Glaciers of Sassar -- Return to Le -- Start for Kashmir -- Lamayuru -- Phatu pass -- Kanji river -- Namika pass -- Molbil -- Pashkyum -- Kargil -- Dras -- Zoji pass -- Kashmir -- Lahore -- Completion of journey 408

General description of Tibet -- Systems of mountains -- Trans-Sutlej Himalaya -- Cis-Sutlej Himalaya -- Kouenlun -- Four passes across Kouenlun -- Boundaries of Western Tibet -- Height of its mountain ranges and passes -- Climate of Tibet -- Clouds -- Winds -- Snow-fall -- Glaciers -- their former greater extension -- Elevation to which they descend -- Snow-level -- Geology -- Lacustrine clay and alluvium 456

WESTERN HIMALAYA

TIBET.

Appointment to a Mission about to proceed to Tibet -- Leave Firozpur for Simla -- Approach to the Mountains -- Appearance of Himalaya from Plains of India -- Kalka -- Ascent to Kussowlee -- Vegetation of Plainward Face -- Origin of Kussowlee Ridge -- Climate and Vegetation of Kussowlee -- Aspect of inner ranges -- Road from Kussowlee to Simla -- Sabathu -- Cross Gambar River -- Haripur -- Tropical Vegetation of Basin of Gambar -- Steep Ascent to Simla -- its extent and situation -- its Vegetation -- Oak-forest -- Pines -- Flora of Spring Months -- of Rainy Season -- View from Peak of Jako -- Structure of Mountain Ranges.

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